七三一[1]
嘉慶十九年武英殿刊本《全唐文》
《全唐文》(續七二九):
宋之問文頗有四傑之風,然最佳者為卷二四○〈在桂州與修史學士吳兢書〉、卷二四一〈祭楊盈川文〉,皆有清言見骨處。〈與吳書〉云:「遠佇來札,以當招魂」,八字凄摯極矣!參觀孟郊〈歸信吟〉:「書去魂亦去,兀然空一身。」又云:「心憑神理,實冀生還;關號鬼門,常憂死別」,「鬼門關」入文始此,參觀《談藝錄》一八至一九頁引沈佺期〈入鬼門關〉詩、楊炎〈流崖州〉詩[2]。
〇卷二四一宋之問〈祭杜學士審言文〉:「駱則不能保族而全軀。」按〈文〉作於景龍二年,明言賓王橫死,《唐詩紀事》卷七靈隱寺駱、宋聯吟之事,其為附會可知。
〇李嶠詞彩鉅麗新警處,實高出燕、許。卷二四二〈楚望賦〉:「非歷覽無以寄杼軸之懷,非高遠無以開沉鬱之緒。(中略)思必深而深必怨,望必遠而遠必傷。(中略)故夫望之為體也,使人慘悽伊鬱,惆悵不平。(中略)其始也,罔兮若有求而不致也,悵乎若有待而不至也」云云。按張子野〈一叢花令〉亦謂:「傷高懷遠幾時窮?無物似情濃。」巨山此數語,真能寫心宣妙。《文選》卷二十九張景陽〈雜詩〉注引《顧子》曰:「登高使人意遐,臨深使人志清。」然《楚辭‧招魂》云:「目極千里兮傷春心」;王仲宣〈登樓賦〉云(一起云:「登兹樓以四望兮,聊假日以銷憂」):「憑軒檻以遙望兮,向北風而開襟。平原遠而極目兮,蔽荊山之高岑。悲舊鄉之壅隔兮,涕橫墜而勿禁」;《太平御覽》卷四六九引《郭子》云:「王東海登琅琊山,歎曰:『我由來不愁,今日直欲愁!』太傅云:『當爾時形神俱往』」;沈休文〈臨高臺〉云:「高臺不可望,望遠使人愁。連山無斷續,河水復悠悠。所思曖何在?洛陽南陌頭。可望不可至,何用解人憂」;古樂府〈西洲曲〉云:「鴻飛滿西洲,望郎上青樓。樓高望不見,盡日闌干頭。」【曹植〈雜詩〉:「飛觀百尺餘,臨牖御櫺軒。遠望周千里,朝夕見平原。烈士多悲心,小人媮自閒。」】【宋玉〈高唐賦〉:「長吏隳官,賢士失志。愁思無已,太息垂淚。登高遠望,使人心瘁」】【杜甫〈涪城縣香積寺官閣〉:「寺下春江深不流,山腰官閣迥添愁」;〈登樓〉:「花近高樓傷客心,萬方多難此登臨。」】古人憑高遠眺,每愁從中來,李氏斯〈賦〉,足為佐證。張子野〈偷聲木蘭花〉所謂:「莫更登樓,坐想行思已是愁」(《全宋詞》卷二十三);辛稼軒〈醜奴兒〉所謂:「少年不識愁滋味,愛上層樓,愛上層樓,為賦新詞強說愁。」參觀第七一七則論王觀〈蘇幕遮〉詞。又按卷二三八盧藏用〈陳子昂別傳〉記子昂「登薊北樓,流涕而歌『前不見古人』云云,時人莫之知也。」竊謂子昂此歌,即王子安〈滕王閣序〉所謂「天高地迥,覺宇宙之無窮;興盡悲來,識盈虛之有數。」爾時懷抱,亦可以巨山語發明之。又參觀第四六則論 Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice, p. 301;第二三三則論 Leopardi, I Canti, XII: “L’Infinito”, XIII: “La
Sera del Dìdi Festa”;第三三五則論右軍〈蘭亭序〉。【Tom Jones, Bk. VIII, ch.
10, Partridge: “but if the top of the hill be properest to produce melancholy
thoughts, I suppose the bottom is the likeliest to produce merry ones”
(Everyman’s Lib., I, p. 336).】【《朝野僉載》謂李嶠「有三戾:性好榮遷,憎人升進;性好文章,憎人才筆;性好貪濁,憎人取受」(《南部新書》丙大同,「文章」作「才華」,「取受」作「受賂」)。按《三國志‧魏志》卷十三〈鍾繇、華歆、王朗傳〉裴注云:「劉寔以為肅方于事上,而好下佞己,此一反也;性嗜榮貴,而不求茍合,此二反也;吝惜財物,而治身不穢,此三反也」;《世說新語‧品藻第九》卞望之云:「郗公體中有三反:方於事上,好下佞己;治身清貞,大脩計校;自好讀書,憎人學問。」三者可共參,曰「戾」曰「反」,實則正在情理中也。】
〇卷二四八李嶠〈洛州昭覺寺釋迦牟尼佛金銅瑞像碑〉:「流三川之水,未足方油渠酪池。」按卷二四一宋之問〈為太平公主五郎病癒設齋歎佛文〉:「麪為邱而蔽庭,酪為沼而環砌。」按《大智度論》卷十一〈釋初品中檀相義〉:「(韋羅摩財富無量,設大施)飯汁行船,以酪為池,米麵為山,酥油為渠。」
〇蘇頲才筆在張說之下,碑版文字雖為駢體,而每每詰屈晦悶,不易句讀。若夫不復以故典細組密砌,則又燕、許之所同,而異於王、楊者也。李北海亦然,張曲江更疏落。由儷變散,此中足徵消息。又制與敕雖皆絲綸代言,制華而敕質,觀廷碩諸作即知。
〇卷二五四蘇頲〈處分朝集使敕‧三〉結語云:「朕無戲言,並即好去」;〈六〉結語云:「以副朕懷,並仰好去」;〈七〉結語云:「用綏我庶人,並即好去」;〈八〉結語云:「三五日別親識,並即好去」;〈九〉結語云:「可不勉歟?並宜好去。」「好去」即口語徑以入文者。卷二八三張九齡〈敕十道朝集使〉三篇皆云:「並即好去」;〈敕處分朝集使〉云:「勿不用心,即宜好去。」別見七八九則論杜甫〈送張十二参軍赴蜀州〉。
〇卷二五七蘇頲〈章懷太子良娣張氏神道碑〉:「良娣坐華茵,驅香轂:雖逶迤失於偕老,而契闊存乎與成【子成說】。始十四奉吾夫,逮笄年而轉茂;終六十四違吾子,當卦數而同極」;〈司農卿劉公神道碑〉:「公諱某,字某。(中略)我曾祖諱某,(中略)我大父諱某,(中略)我先君諱某。(中略)匪我先人保之,孰能後嗣達者?公即陳州府君之元子也」;〈右僕射太子少師唐璿神道碑〉:「逮我曾祖驃騎大將軍」;卷二五八〈唐紫微侍郎贈黃門監李乂神道碑〉:「世稱李公德為範,言為師,行為則,事為程。於戲!彼之四者,吾以一貫」;〈御史大夫贈右丞相程行謀神道碑〉:「門閭當華嶽之峯,碑闕倚桃林之塞:遷自吾祖,定成我居」,即代墓中設身處地,謂他人父,謂他人夫,不知何所典據?皆學《左傳‧隱公》「故仲子歸于我」寫而失之者,讀之笑來。卷六八七皇甫湜〈韓愈神道碑〉云:「交於人,已而我負,終不計」,此「我」字使語氣益親切生動;復云:「遺命喪葬,無不如禮。俗習夷狄,盡寫浮圖,日以七數之,及拘陰陽,所謂吉凶,一無汙我」,此「我」字屬遺命,昌黎自稱,亦不為語病;〈韓文公墓志銘〉云:「族姻友舊不自立者,必待我然後衣食嫁娶喪葬」;卷七一八崔蠡〈義激〉云:「居一歲,懼人之大我異也,遂歸於同里人」,則亦如「已而我負」,皆修詞之妙也。
〇卷二六一李邕〈諫鄭普思以方技得幸疏〉:「陛下今若以普思有奇術,可致長生久視之道,則爽鳩氏久應得之,永有天下,非陛下今日可得而求」云云,下復言「仙方,則秦皇、漢武永有天下;佛法,則漢明、梁武永有天下」等。按本《左傳》昭公二十年:「齊景公飲酒樂,曰:『古而無死,其樂若何?』晏子對曰:『古而無死,則古之樂也,君何得焉?昔爽鳩氏始居此地,(中略)古者無死,爽鳩氏之樂,非君所願也』」云云而鋪比之。
〇卷二六二李邕〈大照禪師塔銘〉:「正見了見,轉次無殊;浣家鍛家,習性亦別:草蓆遇水而緊,草繩遇水而舒。」按妙喻,未識何出。智者大師《摩訶止觀》卷五衹云:「渴更飲鹹:龍鬚縛身,入水轉痛;牛皮繫體,向日彌堅。」西晉竺法護譯《生經‧那賴經第一》:「恩愛轉增長,譬如飲鹹水」;失譯人名附秦錄《無明羅剎集或作經》卷中:「菩薩言:『世間極渴,無過於愛。如飲鹹水,逾增其渴。飲有鹹水,逾增其愛」;姚秦竺佛念譯《出曜經‧愛品第三》:「猶如有人,而被二繫,一者革索,二者龍鬚索。將至火邊,以火炙之,革索便急,龍鬚索緩。若將入水,革索便緩,龍鬚索急。……一者愛縛,二者見結。或時眾生思惟不淨觀,愛結便緩,見結便急。有時眾生思惟安般守意,見結便緩,愛結便急。」
〇卷二六三李邕〈嵩岳寺碑〉:「其所由焉,所以然矣。若不以達摩菩薩傳法於可,可付於璨,璨受於信,信恣於忍,忍遺於秀,秀鍾於今和尚寂:皆宴坐林閒,福潤寓內。」按助詞、轉詞皆不通可笑。北海文中此病甚多,如同卷〈楚州淮陰縣婆羅樹碑〉云:「觀厥好德存樹,愛人及烏,有情不忘,雖小可作,夫施及者也。則有宗廟加敬,墟墓增悲,睹物可懷,比事斯廣,此觸類者也。」皆「同居死了一人,其肉賣至七、八十,家中新添一佃戶,嫂嫂所以肚又胖矣」(林琴南《鐵笛亭瑣記‧誤用虛字條》)之類。呂南公《灌園集》卷二〈麻姑山‧讀李邕天師碣文〉(五古)極斥北海文之不工,而譏少陵〈八哀詩〉之過獎:「昔誦八哀詠,頗推李邕文。披襟喜此逢,再讀目愈昏。道固難洞達,辭猶不雄渾。豈殊沸鳴蛙,見謂鼓吹繁。惜哉開元盛,乃乏史筆人。復疑少陵翁,賞識或失真。」又車若水《脚氣集》亦云:「李邕文章聲名在唐甚盛,所謂干將鏌鋣誰敢交鋒者。予家無李邕集,曽見其自書數碑,乃其自作者,理不成理,文不成文,僅足資笑。其曰『性有習,道有因。止於心,反於照,習也者;坐乎樹,居乎上,因也者』,他添兩個『者』字,移擷兩句前後,以為奇也。豈不可笑?如此甚多。其形容麓山寺云:『化城未真,梵天猶俗。』僧家只是廣張,天也不如他,所以佛坐其上而天居其下。佛非今人所見,可以愚世俗。麓山不過是個寺院也,如此廣張,豈不為識者所鄙?」可與吾言發明。「性有因」云云,不見《全唐文》[3]。〈嶽麓寺碑〉見卷二六三,作「化城而真」(《冷廬雜識》卷五舉「《前、後漢書》造語絕異者,如〈刑法志〉云:『不祥莫大矣焉』;〈燕剌王旦傳〉云:『其者寡人之不及與』;〈東平憲王蒼傳〉云:『豈況築郭邑建都郛哉』;〈趙壹傳〉云:『三王亦又不同樂』;〈宦者傳‧論〉云:『社稷故其為墟』」等,亦皆虛字失律)。《太平廣記》卷二六一引《盧氏雜說》云:「李據判決祗承人:『如此痴頑,豈合吃杖,決五下。』人有語曰:『豈合吃杖,不合決他。』李曰:『公何會,『豈』是助語,共之乎者也何別?』」亦其類。又按《全唐文》卷四三三張志和〈鸑鷟〉一篇,仿《莊子》筆意,頗俶詭,而「乎者」、「乎焉」、「乎歟」、「乎之」鋪列數節,亦甚可笑。卷七五七石文素〈白鹿鄉井穀村佛堂碑銘〉一起云:「天竺人師,億劫行化,眾生得悟,永離苦海者哉!則有我此邑耆宿長幼士女等,(中略)遞相謂曰:『各減毫分施捨,共修功德,預造橋梁者矣。』(中略)遂記其善,揚其名。召匠琢石,故立碑矣。(中略)立斯之地也,東望仲子之峯」云云,村學究筆墨,更無足怪。
〇卷二六三李邕〈大唐泗州臨淮縣普光王寺碑〉:「噫!代人以塔廟者,即有象也。儀像者,非有相也。邕嘗論之,未始諒矣」;卷二六四〈長安縣尉贈隴州刺史王府君神道碑〉:「邕聞才不必用,慶有必鍾」;〈唐贈太子少保劉知柔神道碑〉:「邕聞古之常銓,今之大寶。」碑版文字如此起者惟見。卷二五七蘇頲〈唐長安西明寺塔碑〉:「頲嘗誦先王之訓,探眾聖之旨,蓋本三極而宗五常也。」
〇卷二六四李邕〈五臺山清涼寺碑〉:「海墨樹筆,竹紙花書,密藏妙論,千章萬品。」按本之《雜阿含經》卷三十六之三「四大海水為墨,以須彌山為樹皮,現閻浮里地草木為筆,復使三千大千剎土人民盡能書,欲寫舍利弗比丘智慧之業」;《分別功德論》卷四之一:「以須彌為硯子,四大海水為書水,以四天下竹木為筆,滿中土人為書師,欲寫身子智慧者,向不能盡」;寶雲譯《佛本行經‧現乳哺品第二十八》厥說尤長[4]。貫休〈觀懷素草書歌〉云:「我恐山為墨兮磨海水,天與筆兮書大地」;裴說〈懷素臺放歌〉云:「筆冢低低高似山,墨池淺淺深如海;我來恨不已,爭得青天化作一張紙!高聲喚起懷素書,搦管研朱點湘水」[5];王景文《雪山集》卷十五〈道經〉云:「希聲絶想忘言處,海水墨山書不全」;《五燈會元》卷十八宣秘禮禪師:「長江為硯墨,頻寫斷交書」;楊廷秀《誠齋集》卷二十四〈謝邵德示淳熙聖孝詩〉:「古人浪語筆如椽,何人解把筆題天?崑崙為筆點海水,青天借作一張紙」,卷二十九〈題龜山塔‧之一〉:「銀筆書空天作紙,玉龍拔地海成湫」,卷三十七〈送黄巖老通判全州〉:「瀟湘之山可當一枝筆,瀟湘之水可當一硯滴。……好將湘山點湘水,灑滿青天一張紙」[6];張耒《張右史文集》卷三十三〈九日登高〉:「黄梨丹柿已催寒,一月西風積雨乾。紺滑秋天稱行草,却憑秋雁作揮翰」;《欽定詞譜》卷十六引《古今詞話》載無名氏〈檐前鐵〉:「今番也,石人應下千行血;擬展青天,寫作斷腸文,難盡説」;呂渭老〈卜算子〉云:「續續説相思,不盡無窮意;若寫幽懷一段愁,應用天為紙」(《全宋詞》卷九十九);劉辰翁〈念奴嬌〉云:「以我情懷,借公篇翰,恨不天為紙」;魏庭玉〈賀新涼〉云:「一斗百篇乘逸興,要借青天為紙」《全宋詞》卷二三二;葛長庚〈菊花新〉云:「清晨雁字,一句句在天如在紙」《全宋詞》卷二八七;周濟川〈八聲甘州〉云:「蘸西湖和墨,長空為紙,幾度詩圓」(《隨隱漫錄》卷三);《太平樂府》卷六周仲彬〈蝶戀花〉云:「紙如海樣闊,字比針關般大,也寫不盡衷腸許多」[7];《詞林摘艷》卷九無名氏〈黄鐘喜遷鶯〉云:「指滄溟為硯,管城豪健筆如椽,松烟、得太山作墨研,把萬里青天為錦箋,都做了草聖傳。一會家書,書不盡心事;一會家訴,訴不盡熬煎」;《甌北詩鈔‧絶句二‧天河》云:「誰把虛空界畫粗,生將别恨怨黄姑;青天為紙山為筆,倒寫長江萬里圖」;《古微堂詩集》卷六〈岱山經石峪歌〉云:「我欲仰空書大乘,以岱為筆天為繒」;《伏敔堂詩錄》卷八〈題穉苹花卉〉云[8]:「辛夷高發花數層,初如木筆有尖稜;青天不化一張紙,咄咄書空知亦能。」蓋自山谷〈快軒〉詩以來,「青天化紙」一語,尤為詞人所沿用也見《談藝錄》二三葉[9]。E.M. Fusco, La Lirica, I, p. 159 引Leonardo Giustinian: “Se li arbori sapessen favellare, / E le lor foglie
fusseno le lingue, / L’inchiostro fusse l’acqua dello mare, / La terra fusse
carta e l’erbe penne, / Le tue belleze non potria contare” 可參觀。又Iona & Peter Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, pp. 436-8: “If all the
world were paper, / And all the sea were ink” etc. 所舉諸例。
〇卷二六六黃元之〈潤州江寧縣瓦棺寺維摩詰畫像碑〉記顧長康畫壁事,務為文語,不工不醒。觀《歷代名畫記》卷五所載,則了然矣。所謂「顧君乃連扣資數百,笇逾千萬」,即《名畫記》之「直打剎注百萬」耳。
〇卷二六七徐彥伯。參觀第七二九則論《全唐文》卷二百五王隱客〈議沙門不應拜俗狀〉。〈南郊賦〉欲遠追相如、子雲,遂多艱深板重處,如「庶績洪凝,賡歌浩作」,「周廬攢構以戢孴,列纛抗莖而翩綿」,「九牧之守,百蠻之子,莫不挈雁提羔,攢驂噎軌,紛鴻溶以騰逗,叛遹皇而佁儗」,皆所謂「澀體」。後來元次山〈說楚何惑王賦〉之「峮𡹤峻束,噴濆觸沃,衝回瀪漩,圯崖開谷」,「舽艂堂𦨽房,䑦館艨廊」;杜少陵〈有事於南郊賦.〉之「既而膟膋挂𦊰,柴燎窟塊,騞砉擘赫,葩斜晦潰,電纏風升,雪颯星碎,拂勿侹濙[10],𦕈暝蓯㵏」等語,亦其類,皆學漢賦也。彥伯「挈雁」兩句已開卷七三○樊紹述〈絳守居園池記〉之「提鷴挈鷺」,趙仁舉、吳師道等註所未詳。「攢驂噎軌」即聚馬塞途之代文,正如〈樞機論〉「中庸鏤其心」,閻潛邱謂即服膺之「澀體」耳。【《唐文續拾》卷三載彥伯〈唐柏梯寺之碑銘石刻〉亦每句整而字澀,如云:「孤𡾙攢險,盈科掩閏」、「玉虬蟠扈,玳虎吞杠」,「玉虬」即玉龍,「虬戶」之言信矣!】彦伯遺文中,以〈登長城賦〉為最,稍得〈蕪城〉、〈恨〉、〈別〉諸篇之餘波綺麗。又〈樞機論〉云:「言語者,君子之樞機也。(中略)然後知否泰榮辱繫於言乎!」按卷二七四劉子玄〈思慎賦〉亦云[11]:「揆榮辱之在身,猶樞機之發口,儻一言其靡慎,奚四大之能守?」皆本之《易‧繫辭上》:「言行,君子之樞機,樞機之發,榮辱之主也」云云,而略去「行」,專主「言」《國語‧晉語五》甯嬴論陽處父曰:「言,貌之機也,(中略)身之文也,言文而發之。」即《繫辭》之意。而〈周語下〉單穆公諫景王則曰:「夫耳目,心之樞機也」,與《繫辭》貌同心異,一戒樞機開而內者出,一戒樞機開而外者入。參觀第七三二則論 D. Provenzal, Dizion. d. Immag., p. 287。【《春秋繁露‧立元神第十九》:「發言動作,萬物之樞機。樞機之發,榮辱之端也」;《抱朴子‧內篇‧暢玄第一》:「雖顧盼為殺生之神器,唇吻為興亡之關鍵。」】
〇卷二六八武平一〈諫大饗用倡優媟狎書〉:「妖伎胡人,街童市子,或言妃主情貌,或列王公名質,詠歌蹈舞,號曰『合生』。」按「合生」之稱,不見唐人詩文中,而宋時俗語流傳為說話之意。竊疑「合」即符合之合,「合生」為扮演生人,猶「象生」、「化生」之為土木偶人也。「偶」、「合」義亦通。
〇卷二六八武平一〈徐氏法書記〉。按參觀第二四六則論《浮溪集》卷二十九〈吳傳朋游絲書〉七古,又第七一九則論《全金詩》卷四十一王利賓。
〇卷二六九王覿〈十八學士圖記〉:「十八學士皆煬帝之臣,曷闇於隋而明於唐?是有其材而無其時矣。」按《潛夫論‧實貢篇》早云「高祖佐命,出自亡秦;光武得士,亦資暴莽。」《楊太史升庵全集》(從子有仁錄本)卷四十八云:「陸宣公云:『興王之良佐,皆季代之棄材』;歐陽公云:『勝棋所用,敗棋之著也;興國所用,亡國之臣也』(《五代史‧周臣傳‧論》)。」【《藝苑巵言》卷四論六朝及盛唐詩云:「衰中有盛,盛中有衰,各含機藏隙。……勝國之敗材,乃興邦之隆幹;熙朝之佚事,即衰世之危端。」】吳梅村〈滿江紅‧感舊〉云:「庾信哀時惟涕淚,登高却向西風灑。問開皇、將相復何人,亡陳者。」所謂貌同而心異也。沈寐叟《海日樓札叢》卷四云:「唐太宗所用,隋末人材也;宋太祖所用,五代人材也。王良不易馬而御,由基不易矢而射。御之術在轡,射之力在弓。處喪亂之後,以易民而治之愚心,日與臣民相逐於猜疑愛憎之域,唐德宗之所以亂,明思宗之所以亡,正在謂人心不可知、不可信而已矣」則另明一義。《誠齋集》卷一百十九〈少保葉公行狀〉載葉顒對孝宗云:「自古何嘗不借才於異代?亂世常患無才,至創業之君,一起所用者,乃亂世之人才也。且如藝祖所用將相,皆五代之人。關機闔開,全在上爾。」岳珂《寶真齋法書贊》卷二十二〈跋宗忠簡二劄三帖〉云:「大業之羣盜,用之太宗,則為功臣;五代之藩鎮,用之藝祖,則為良吏。固未嘗不足恃也」;王世貞《藝苑巵言》卷四:「勝國之敗材,乃興邦之隆幹;熙朝之佚事,即衰世之危端。」[12]【《定盫文集》卷一〈皇朝碩輔頌二十一首〉:「又有亡殷事周,相韓歸漢,兹亦不及。」】
〇卷二六九張廷珪〈諫白司馬阪營大像表〉。按當與卷二七○呂元泰〈諫廣修佛寺疏〉、卷二七二辛替否〈陳時政疏〉合觀,皆能援據釋典,以矛攻盾,因勢利導,善於立言者也。姚崇〈諫造寺度僧奏〉卷二○六實為椎輪。李德裕〈梁武論〉(卷七一○)自注:「所論出於釋氏,故全以釋典明之」,則其大輅也。
〇卷二七四劉子元〈衣冠乘馬議〉:「褒衣博帶,革履高冠,本非馬上所施,自是車中之服。(中略)今議者皆云:秘閣有〈梁武帝南郊圖〉,多有衣冠乘馬者,此則近代故事,不得謂無。臣按此圖,是後人所為,非當時所撰。且觀民閒有古今圖畫者多矣,如張僧繇畫羣公祖二疏,而兵士有著芒屩者;閻立本畫昭君入匈奴,而婦人有著帷帽者。夫芒屩出於水鄉,非京華所有;帷帽創於隋代,非漢宮所作:議者豈可徵此二畫,以為故實者乎?」按張彥遠《歷代名畫記》卷二「幃帽興於國朝,芒屩非塞北所宜」云云一節本此。宋敏求《春明退朝錄》卷下:「近人有收〈漢祖過沛圖〉者,畫蹟頗佳,而有僧為觀者所指,翌日,並加僧以幅巾」,亦劉、張所譏畫古事而以後世事物溷入。然亦有畫後世事而以古事物溷入者,如羅繼祖《楓窗脞語》一九八頁:「孫星衍《平津館書畫記》跋陳居中〈荷亭仕女圖〉謂居中以嘉泰間待詔畫院,專工人物,女皆履舃,可見俗傳纏足起於李後主窅娘之妄。予見古畫,俱無弓足者,其流弊殆甚于明,宋時尚不然。葉恭綽《矩園序跋》第二輯跋顧閎中〈韓熙載夜宴圖〉謂圖中女子履皆方頭,可證其不纏足。予按兩說皆未必碻,前人作畫,每厚古薄今,宋時即有弓足者,未必遂以入畫,猶山水畫中人必古衣冠也」(此與劉文所摘相反相成)。
〇劉知幾駢文能析義辨理,風發劍銛,意無不中,正復不害其為偶詞也。彥和《文心》尚未辦是。《媿生叢錄》卷二稱其「博辨縱橫,亦工隸事」,是矣。【車若水《脚氣集》:「輕薄子如劉知幾者。」】
〇卷二七四劉子玄〈答鄭惟忠史才論〉。按「三長」中,「學」與「才」皆罕譬而喻,於「識」獨缺。「好是正直,善惡必書」,則實齋所謂「文德」耳。參觀第七二二則論《物理論》。
〇卷二七四劉子玄〈自敘〉。按即《史通‧內篇第三十六》也,篇末云:「昔梁徵士劉孝標作〈敘傳〉,其自比於馮敬通者有三。而予輒不自揆,亦竊比於揚子雲者有四焉。」按今世所傳孝標〈自序〉:「自比敬通,三同四異」 云云,實非全文,觀知幾仿作及《史通‧覈才第三十一》:「孝標持論析理,誠為絕倫。而〈自敘〉一篇,過為煩碎」,可以推而知也。近人余嘉錫《論學雜著》下冊〈讀已見書齋隨筆〉引《梁書》、《南史》本傳及《文選》善注,以證「三同四異」特〈自序〉之一節,而斥汪容甫、李蓴客仿作〈自序〉為「失之不考」,惜未徵知幾此篇。又按子玄嘗謂《史記‧司馬相如列傳》之相如〈自敘傳〉,則自傳之作,昉於犬子也。
〇卷二七五薛稷〈唐杳冥君銘〉。按蓋仿謝惠連〈祭古冢文〉所謂「冥漠君」,而假為之號耳。然既云「不覩碑碣」、「寧窮姓氏」,則冠以「唐」字,亦嫌臆必多事。卷四五八李道昌〈祭幽獨君文〉出《通幽錄》,則鬼自稱也。
〇卷二七六高邁〈長明燈頌〉:「夫日主晝,太陽之精,中則昃,昃則沒,我長明燈不沒;月主夜,太陰之精,滿則虧,虧則盡,我長明燈不盡。」按《妙法連華經‧序品第一》(《文句記》卷七):「爾時有佛號日月燈明。次復有佛,亦名日月燈明。次復有佛,亦名日月燈明。如是二萬佛皆同一字,號日月燈明。」朱彧《萍洲可談》卷一云:「先公朱服也嘗言:昔在修撰經義局,介甫見舉燭,因言:『佛書有日月燈光明佛,燈光豈足配日月?』吉甫曰:『日煜晝,月煜夜,燈煜晝夜日月所不及。』介甫大以為然。」《容齋續筆》卷七謂呂吉甫語即《莊子‧外物篇》「月固不勝火」之意。[13]《浩然齋雅談》卷上謂《東萊博議》論史官云:「昧谷餞日之後,晹谷賓日之前,暮夜晦冥,苟無燭以代明,則天之目瞽矣」,即本此。李卓吾《焚書》卷四〈豫約〉云:「日能明於晝,而不能照重陰之下;月能明於夜,而不能照殿屋之中。所以繼日月之不照者,非燈乎?故謂之『日月燈明佛』。」[14]袁昶《漸西村人初集》卷六〈燈光〉云:「稍似心光聚,能兼日月功」,自注:「世說日照乎晝,月照乎夜,燈光照乎晝夜。」【《全唐詩》吉師老〈看蜀女轉昭君變〉:「妖姬未著石榴裙,自道家連錦水濆。檀口解知千載事,清詞堪歎九秋文。翠眉顰處楚邊月,畫卷開時塞外雲。說盡綺羅當日恨,昭君傳意向文君」,即《敦煌變文》之類,即後世之說話、說書。參觀三二九則論《則堂集》卷五〈贈談故人高鵬舉〉;王惲《秋澗樂府》卷三〈鷓鴣天‧贈馭(?)說高秀英〉:「短短羅袿淡淡妝,拂開紅袖便當場。掩翻歌扇珠成串,吹落談霏玉有香。由漢魏,到隋唐,誰教若輩管興亡。百年總是逢場戲,拍板門鎚未易當」;卷四〈浣溪沙‧付高彥卿〉四首(「桃花扇影駐行雲,隋唐嘉話閱來真」;「詞源都作建瓴傾,白羽揮開諸葛陣。蒼濤翻動憲王陵」;「隋末唐初與漢亡」),玩詞意,亦即說書人也。胡祗遹〈木蘭花慢‧贈歌妓〉:「話興亡千古,試聽取,是和非。……千人洗心傾耳,向花梢、不覺月陰移」(《全金元詞》六九六頁),亦謂說書。】
〇卷二七八劉秀〈涼州衛大雲寺古剎功德碑〉:「於堂中面畫淨土變,面西化地獄畫高僧變。(中略)於南禪院迴廊畫付法藏羅漢聖僧變、摩騰法東來變、七女變。」[15]按卷三二五王維〈西方淨土變畫贊〉、〈給事中竇紹為亡弟故駙馬都尉於孝義寺浮圖畫西方阿彌陀變贊〉、卷三五○李白〈金銀泥畫西方淨土變相贊〉、卷三七六任華〈西方變畫贊〉、卷四九五權德輿〈畫西方變贊〉;卷九一七清晝〈畫救苦觀世音菩薩贊〉云:「按經圖變」;〈畫藥師琉璃光佛贊〉云:「遂圖此變,以答佛慈」;少陵〈觀薛稷少保書畫壁〉:「又揮西方變,發地扶屋椽」,皆變相之縮語也,世人無徵引者。【卷一○○彭王志暕〈興聖寺主尼法澄塔銘〉:「又於寺內畫華嚴海藏變。」】
〇卷二七九鄭萬鈞〈代國長公主碑〉。按萬鈞即公主駙馬也,自稱曰:「蒙自奉朱顏,卅餘載」,又云:「執蒙手曰:『恩愛斷也,有不是處莫怪,更枉辛苦屋裏人,去去,年少在,莫更請出家(當如此斷句)。』蒙送奉一杯水別,飲畢長逝」云云,皆酷類唐傳奇中詞筆。韓、柳前駢文碑志所無,韓、柳古文亦不見有。
〇卷二八四至二八七張九齡代撰敕書,結語皆云:「卿及將士已下平安好,遣書指不多及」〈敕安西節度王斛斯書〉等,或云:「卿並平安好,遣書指不多及」〈敕北庭將士百姓等書〉等。「平安好」三字連屬,觀〈敕新羅王金興光書〉:「卿及首領百姓並安好,遣書指不多及」;〈敕渤海王大武藝書〉:「卿及衙官首領百姓平安好,並遣崔尋挹同往,書指不多及」;〈敕平盧使烏知義書〉:「春初尚寒,卿將士已下並平安好,今令白真陁羅往,亦賜卿衣一副,至宜領取,遣書指不多及」;〈敕安西節度王斛斯書〉:「春晚極暄,卿及將士已下並平安好,今賜卿衣一副,至宜領取,遣書指不多及」皆見卷二八五;〈敕吐蕃贊普書〉:「晚春極暄,贊普及平章事首領並平安好,有少信物,别具委曲,遣書指不多及」;〈敕金城公主書〉:「春晚極暄,想念如宜,諸下並平安好。今令內常侍竇元禮往,遣書指不多及」皆見卷二八六,同卷〈敕突厥可汗書〉:「春初猶冷,可汗及平章事與首領部落並得如宜,遣書指不多及」;〈敕劍南節度王昱書〉:「春晚極暄,卿比如宜,遣書指不多及」;〈敕吐蕃贊普書〉:「春首尚寒,贊普及公主比如宜也。平章事及首領以下並平安好,今使內常侍竇元禮,遣書指不多及」;〈敕吐蕃贊普書〉:「春晚漸熱,贊普及公主平章首領百姓並平安好。今有少物,別具委曲,至宣領取,遣書指不多及」;〈敕西南蠻大首領蒙歸義書〉:「秋中漸涼,卿及首領部落百姓並平安好,今故令內給事王承訓往,一一口具,遣書指不多及」皆見卷二八七,可見「好」字不連下讀,故或省為「安好」。【《全唐文紀事》卷一引《翰苑羣書》載「書詔樣」有此。】後來唯白樂天草詔中數用此語,如卷六六四〈與昭義軍將士詔〉:「夏熱,卿等各得平安好,遣書指不多及」;〈與崇文詔〉:「冬寒,卿比平安好,遣書指不多及」;卷六六五〈與吐蕃宰相缽闡布敕書〉、〈與吐蕃宰相尚綺心兒等書〉、〈與南詔清平官書〉、〈與金陵立功將士等敕書〉亦然;卷七二八封敖〈與契丹王鶻戌書〉:「卿比平安好否」;《唐文拾遺》卷八引席啟寓《唐百名家詩集》載懿宗〈李羣玉進詩賜物敕〉云:「夏熱,卿比平安好」;《獨醒雜志》卷四載天聖中〈賜毛應佺慮囚敕書〉:「……夏熱,汝比好否?遣書指不多及」;又〈賜衣敕書〉:「冬寒,汝比好否?遣書指不多及。」
〇卷二八八張九齡〈讓起復中書侍郎同平章事表〉:「草土臣九齡言。」按「草土」即苫塊之意,唐人居親喪,上表皆以此自稱。卷二九八吳兢〈讓奪禮表〉亦云:「草土臣兢言」;卷三○五庫狄履溫〈讓起復表〉亦云:「草土臣履溫言」;卷三四六王鉷〈讓起復表〉亦云:「草土臣鉷言」;卷三八○元結〈再讓容州表〉亦云:「草土臣結言」;卷三八四獨孤及〈為李給事讓起復尚書左丞兼御史大夫第二、第三表〉皆云:「草土臣某言」;卷四二四于邵〈為商州吳仲儒中丞讓起復表〉亦云:「草土臣某言。」
〇卷二九四王泠然〈論薦書〉、〈與御史高昌宇書〉。按前一首出《唐摭言》卷六,後一首出《唐摭言》卷二,干求陳乞,忽大言以動,忽危語以哄,忽卑詞以請,嘻罵哀歎,盡寒士狂生種種變態,殊有生氣,不得以冗沓俚鄙病之。《漢書‧東方朔傳》云:「四方士上書,自衒鬻者以千數」,又云:「文辭不遜,高自稱譽,上偉之。」於是曼倩一書遂為後世自衒自媒者楷模。契嵩《鐔津文集》卷十五〈非韓子‧第八〉深譏昌黎〈上宰相三書〉措詞淺謬,失禮招辱,即引東方朔事,而折之以《孟子》曰:「自鬻以成君者,鄉黨自好者不為,而謂賢者為之乎?」持論甚正。《湘綺樓日記》光緒二十八年五月四日:「韓退之三〈上宰相書〉,何以腆顏存稿?實齊人之不如,文集中一奇也」,則謂書不妨上,但不可存,有失顏面。皆不知唐人風氣如是,昌黎未能免俗耳。唐文中如卷一六五員半千〈陳情表〉、卷三二三蕭穎士〈贈韋司業書〉、卷三四八李白〈與韓荊州書〉、〈上安州裴長史書〉、卷三七六任華〈與庾中丞書〉、〈與京尹杜中丞書〉、〈告辭京尹賈大夫書〉、〈上嚴大夫箋〉、卷三九六袁參〈上中書姚令公元崇書〉,皆其祖構。而泠然兩篇尤詼詭,穎士一首最傲兀,袁參一首筆力最高古,任華四篇幾乎無賴敲詐,卷六八三鄭太穆〈上于司空頔書〉逕索錢帛,不復虛文夸飾,尤坦率(卷七三四沈亞之〈與薛浙東書〉僅謂「帛十匹」太少,而有「枯苗仰澤」之求,尚不如太穆之指數勒索)。李觀諸〈書〉,如卷五三三〈與吏部奚員外書〉等,亦斯文掃地。參觀第七四三則論顧雲。
【《酉陽雜俎續集》:「予太和初從事浙西贊皇公幕中,公語及國朝詞人優劣,云:『世人言「靈芝無根,醴泉無源」,張曲江著詞也。蓋取虞翻〈與弟求婚書〉,徒以「芝草」為「靈芝」耳。』予後偶得《虞翻集》,果如公言。」】[16]
七三二[17]
Jottings:
An article in Philological
Quarterly, April 1957, after having demonstrated the undeniable influence
of Warburton’s discussion of the primitive language on French writers like
Court de Gebelin, A.-Y. Goguet, the President de Brosses & other (pp.
221-230), argues that the Divine Legation,
rather than the Principi di Scienza nuova,
was the ultimate source of the emotionalist & expressionist theories of
language (p. 232; cf. also PMLA, Dec.
1960, p. 530 on the theory of the priority of poetic language held by
Condillac, Rousseau, Diderot, etc.). One up to poor old Warburton, the arrogant
& pretentious pedant (see Mark Pattison, Essays, “The New University Library”, II, pp. 107-8)! One can
imagine Croce’s reaction to that. What interests me more than the question of
priority is: Does Vico mean by “caratteri poetici” or “universali fantastici”
all that his modern exegetes have made them out to mean? “... i primi uomini,
come fanciulli del genere umano, non essendo capaci di formare i generi
intelligibili delle cose, ebbero naturale necessità di fingersi i caratteri
poetici, che sono generi o universali fantastici, da ridurvi, come a
certi modelli,
o pure ritratti ideali, tutte le spezie particolari a ciascun genere
somiglianti...” (Scienza nuova, §209,
in Opere, a cura di F. Nicolini, ed.
Riccardo Ricciardi, p. 453; cf. §401-402, p. 517-8; §412-27, pp. 527-30; §460,
p. 551). This is rich in implications; one can read into it the Hegelian “das
sinnliche Scheinen der Idee”, the Coleridgean “class individualized” or “genera
intensely individualized” (T.M. Raysor, Coleridge’s
Shakespearean Criticism, I, pp. 72, 137; II, p. 33), and even the Eliotean “objective
correlative” (cf. supra 第七○一則 a propos of Goethe’s “Mignons Lieder”).【Wm. von Humboldt, Ausgewählte Philosophische
Schriften, hrsg. J. Schubert, “Über die Aufgabe des Geschichtschreibers”,
S. 98: “Zwei Dinge dass in Allem, was geschieht, eine nicht unmittelbar
wahrnehmbare Idee waltet, dass aber diese Idee nur an den Begebenheiten selbst
erkannt werden kann.”】Erich Auerbach, e.g., equates the universali fantastici wih “the concrete & sensuous
expression of general conceptions” (Studia
Philologica et Litterarie in Honorem Leo Spitzer, 1958, p. 36); the
Hegelian undertone is quite audible. Indeed, Hegel says something to the same
effect in connetion with the priority of poetry to prose: “Sie [die Poesie] ist
das ursprüngliche Vorstellen des Wahren, ein Wissen, welches das Allgemeine noch
nicht von seiner lebendigen Existenz im einzelnen trennt, Gesetz und
Erscheinung, Zweck und Mittel einander noch nicht gegenüberstellt und
aufeinander dann wieder räsonierend bezieht, sondern das eine nur im anderen
und durch das andere fasst” usw. (Ästhetik,
Aufbau Verlag, 1955, S. 879). To me, Vico seems to be not so much talking of “archetypal
imagination” as making a virtue of the necessity of thinking without the tool
of concepts. Cf. the following six extracts[18]: Vauvenargues,
Connaissance de l’esprit humain: “J’appelle
imagination le don de concevoir les choses d’une manière figurée, et de rendre
ses pensées par des images” (Oeuvres
choisies, “Classiques Larousse”, p. 52); Coleridge: “On Poesy or Art”: “[art]
is the figured language of thought” (Lectures
on Shakespeare, etc., “Everyman’s Library”, p. 312; Biog. Lit., ed. J. Shawcross, II, p. 255); Belinsky: “The poet
thinks in images” (Belinsky, Chernyshevsky & Dobrolyubov, Selected Criticism, ed. R.E. Matlaw, p.
x, cf. pp. 35, 37) (cf. D.W. Fokkema & Elrud Kunne-Ibsch, Theories of Literature in the 20th
Cnet., p. 185, note 3, R. Wellek, History
of Modern Criticism, III, pp. 252, 363 has shown that Belinsky derived the
formula from Tagliabue, L’Esthétique
contemporaine: une Enquête, p. 311); Rivarol: “Le poète n’est qu’un sauvage
très ingénieux et très animé chez lequel toutes les idées se présentent en images” (Conversation notée par Chênedollé, in Rivarol,
Écrits politiques et littéraires,
choisis par V.-H. Debidour, p. 58); Condillac, Logique: “... et la réflexion qui fait
ces images prend le nom d’imagination” (Oeuv.
philosophiques, ed. G. Le Roy, II, p. 385); Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, tr. James Strachey, p. 49: “According
to Schleiermacher [Psychologie,
1862], what characterizes the waking state is the fact that thought-activity
takes place in concept & not in images. Now dreams think essentially in
images” (Nun denkt der Traum hauptsächlich in Bildern — Die Traumdeutung, 6te Auf., S. 34); Coleridge, Collected Letters, ed. Earl Griggs, I,
p. 646 [To Josiah Wedgwood]: [on the lack of Imagination] “A whole Essay might
be written on the Danger of thinking without Images”; “A universal should
preferably enter a poem not as an abstract universal... It should be a concrete
& radically implicit universal, which is to say the universal idea cannot
be divorced from the given context, cannot be logically explicated, without
distorting it. For its universality exists by analogy only, & not by
definition... The Goethean archetype exists only in & through the
particular...” (Philip Wheelwright, The
Burning Fountain, pp. 87-9); “Men, taken historically, reason by analogy long
before they have learned to reason by abstract characters. In all primitive
literature, we find persuasion carried on exclusively by parables & similes...
‘An empty sack can’t stand straight’ will stand for the reason why a man with
debts may lose his honesty[19]; &
‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’ will serve to back up one’s
exhortations to prudence. Instead of giving the reason for a fact, we give
another example of the same fact” (Wm James, Principles of Psychology, II, p. 363-4).【《後漢書‧南蠻西南夷列傳》:「莋都夷,其人皆被髮左袵,言語多好譬類。」】【Cf. Emerson:
A Modern Anthology, ed. A. Kazin & D. Aaron, p. 111.】Cf. Goethe: “Der denkende Mensch hat die wunderliche Eigenschaft, dass
er an die Stelle, wo das unaufgelöste Problem liegt, gerne ein Phantasiebild
hinfabelt, das er nicht loswerden kann, wenn das Problem auch aufgelöst und die
Wahrheit am Tage ist” (Spruchweisheit
in Sämtl. Werk., Der Tempel Verlag,
III, S. 386); see also supra 第一七則 on the exploitation of metaphor in philosophical
thinking; 第七二則 on the fanciful literal-mindedness of
scholars in reading poetry, where Matthew Arnold is quoted. Cf. Kant, Anthropologie, §38, Werke, hrsg. E.
Cassirer, VIII, S. 79 on the speech of the barbarians who “nur symbolisch
ausdrücken kann”, e.g. the American Indian’s “wir wollen die Streitaxt
begraben” for “wir wollen Friede machen.”【Lord Haldane said
in 1919: “The trouble with Lloyd George is that he thinks in images not in concepts (Penguin Book of Modern Quotations, p.
91).】【Wundt, Grundzüge
de physiologischen Psychologie, 6te Auf., Bd. III, S. 606: “So
ist die Phantasietätigkeit ein Denken in Bildern”; Wundt, Völkerpsychologie, Bd. IV, 3 Auf., S. 33: “Der Subsumtion unter den
Begriff des Symbols... hängt auf das engste mit jenem ‘Denken in Bildern’
zusammen, das dem Mythus zugeschrieben wird”; Th. Vischer: “Das Symbol”,
Kritische Gänge, ed. Robert Vischer, IV, 432 ff.】【A.W. Schlegel: “bildlich anschauender Gedankenausdruck” & K.F.E. Trahndorff
(“Die Poesie... denkt Bilder”); Dilthey, Das
Erlebnis und die Dichtung, p. 83 on imagination as “ein Denken in Bildern”
(Wellek, vol. IV, p. 324).】
Francesco Perri, Il discepolo ignoto: “Le allodole sgranavano nel cielo le perle del
loro limpido gorgheggio” (Dino Provenzal, Dizionario
delle Immagini, p. 23). Cf. D’Annunzio, La
Leda senza cigno: “Mi pareva di vedere la nota nella sua gola come la perla
nella conchiglia” (Ib., p. 138); C.
Govoni, La Strada sull’acqua: “un
usignuolo batteva instancabilmente col suo marttellino dargento sulla sua
incudine di diamante, facendo sprizzare in giro tante vive scintille di
lucciole” (Ib., p. 943); G. Mazzoni, Poesie: “perle vocali ne' gorgheggi
effonde” (Ib., p. 944); F. Paolieri, Il libro dell’amore: “Perle solirons
contro la gran coppa azzurra rovesciato sul mondo furente, gemme iridescenti ne
ricaddero, sgranandosi in una successione di note sul vetro del cielo”(Ib., p. 944); Gentucca, Il giardino: “un pazzo imperversar di
risa, come / cento perle sgranata”(Ib.,
p. 746). Odd enough, Provenzal has left out the following bavura passage in D’Annunzio’s
L’innocente: “L’usignolo cantava. Da
prima fu come uno
scoppio di giubilo melodioso, un getto di trilli facili che caddero nell’aria
con un suono di perle rimbalzanti su per i vetri di un’armonica.” Cf. George Du
Maurier, Trilby: “Every separate note
was a highlyfinished gem of sound, linked to the next by a magic bond” (“Everyman’s
Library” ed., p. 251); G.M. Hopkins’s graphic poem “The Sea & the Skylark”
(Poems, ed. R. Bridges, p. 11; his
explanation: “The skein & coil are the lark’s song, which from his height
gives the impression, not to me only, of something falling to the earth &
not vertically quite but tricklingly or wavingly” etc. in C,C, Abbott, ed., The Letters of G.M. Hopkins to R. Bridges,
p. 164). See supra 第七○一則 on Annette von Droste-Hülshoff’s poem “Im Grase”
& my article on “通感”[20].
【Ada Negri,
Fatalità: “Al ciel velato gli alberi tendono i rami storti,
/ come preganti braccia di scheletri contorti” (Ib., p. 19). Cf. Jules Renard, Journal,
éd. NRF, p.
327: “Saules. Des troncs d’arbres sans branches sortent de terre comme des
poings”; Histoires naturelles, p. 41:
“Les peupliers se dressent comme des doigts en l'air et désignent la lune.” Also
Stefania Plona. Botte vecchia, vino nuovo:
“cipressi che davanti il cimitero, — alti nell’aria, fati al cielo; gesto del
silenzio col lungo dito nero” (p. 201); Wm Blake already spoke of a lightning-scathed
oak, which “As threatening Heaven with vengeance, Holds out a withered hand”
(quoted in Gilbert & Kuhn, Hist. of
Esthetics, p. 505).】
F. Cazzamini Mussi, Lacrime e Sole: “Ad uno ad
uno cadono dal ramo / della vita che incalza, / come le fogli nel’autunno tardo
/ i vecchi amici” (Ib., p. 26). Cf.《冬心先生集》卷一〈秋來〉:“故人笑比中庭樹,一日秋風一日疏”[21]; Thomas Moore: “Oft in the Stilly
Night”: “When I remember all / The friends, so link’d together, / I’ve seen
around me fall, / Like leaves in wintry weather.”
Carlo Dossi, Note
Azzurre: “[Amicizia] è come l’ombra che ci segue finché dura il sole” (Ib., p. 27). Cf. Hugo: “La plupart des
amis sont comme le cadran solaire; ils ne marquent que les heures où le soleil
vous luit” (Littérature et Philosophie Mêlées,
“Reliquat”, Éd. Albin Michel, p. 227). See also Donne’s ingenious “A
Lecture Upon the Shadow” (Complete Poetry
& Selected Prose, ed. John Hayward, p. 54).
Pitigrilli, Mammiferi
di lusso: “L’amore è per gli uomini ciò che l’aceto
è per i
cetriolini: li conserva” [i.e. un uomo innamorato si mantiene sempre giovane] (Ib., p. 34). Cf.《定盫續集‧己亥雜詩》:“一番心上溫黁過,明鏡明朝定少年”[22]; 何士顒《南園詩選》卷一〈偶題〉:“老尚多情或壽徵”; Goethe, Spruchweisheit
in Vers und Prosa: “Einem bejahrten Manne verdachte man, dass er sich noch
um junge Frauenzimmer bemühte. ‘Es ist das einzige Mittel,’ versetzte er, ‘sich
zu verjüngen, und das will doch jedermann’” (Sämtl. Werk., “Tempel-Klassiker”, III, S. 294; G.-A. de Caillavet
et R. de Flers,
L’Amour veille, I. xiii: “Une femme
ne peut être préservée que par l’amour, non pas celui qu’elle inspire, mais
celui qu’elle ressent.”[23]
G. Manzini, Venti
racconti: “È come miope una bocca offuscata da baffi umidicci che cerca una
gotta” (Ib., p. 76). A fine example
of “transferred epithet”, reminiscent of Marino’s “ma tu, lasso!, non senti, /
perché sorda hai la vista, i miei lamenti” (“La Ninfa avara”, in G.G. Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, p. 529). Cf.
Garrone, Sorriso degli Etruschi:
“Egli ci guarda, masticando ci lentamente con le pàlpebre” (Ib., p. 807); A. Gatto, La Coda di paglia: “[Gente intimidita]
Balbettavano perfino con gli occhi” (Ib.,
p. 808). John Cleveland’s riotous promiscuity of the senses in the “Hecatomb to
his Mistress”: “As the philosophers to every sense / Marry its object, yet with
some dispense, / And grant them a polygamy with all, / And these their common
sensibles they call: / So is ’t with her who, stinted unto none, / Unites all
senses in each action. / The same beam heats & lights; to see her well / Is
both to hear & feel, to taste and smell. / For, can you want a palate in
your eyes, / When each of hers contains a double prize, / Venus’s apple? Can
your eyes want nose / When from each cheek buds forth a fragrant rose? / Or can
your sight be deaf to such a quick / And well-tuned face, such moving rhetoric?
/ Doth not each look a flash of lightning feel / Which spares the body’s
sheath, and melts the steel? / Sweet magic, which can make five senses lie / Conjured
within the circle of an eye!” (G. Saintsbury, ed., The Caroline Poets, p. 231; G.L. Sempronio’s “Non poteva aver dalla
sua donna altro che sguardi” seems to contain a hint for Cleveland’s poem:
“Parlo con gli occhi a’ tuoi begli occhi, e spesso / con gli occhi ancora i
tuoi begli occhi ascolto; / s’abbraccian gli occhi nostri in dolce amplesso, /
e baccian gli occhi nostri il nostro volto” — G.G. Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, p. 756). Cf.
Byron, Don Juan, XV. 76: “I sometimes
almost think that eyes have ears” etc. (Variorum ed., by T.G. Steffan &
W.W. Pratt, III, p. 487)[24];
Keats, Hyperion, A Vision: “There was
a listening fear in her regard” (also in Endymion,
Bk. I, Poems, “Everyman’s”, p. 265,
273). “The common sensible” is the “l’oggetto comune” of Purgatorio, XXIX. 47.[25]
V. Brancati, Don
Giovanni in Sicilia: “Quel pezzo di donna chefa fermare gli orologi” (Ib., p. 93, under the heading “Beltà”). What
a “false friend” for tranlators! In English, on the contrary, “a clock-stopper”,
“clock-stopping”, “a face to stop the clock or train”, etc. refer to ugliness
(see Lester V. Berrey & Melvin Van den Bark, American Thesaurus of Slang, 2nd ed., 1954, pp. 37, 136,
372); for a couple of examples: “But then there’s one or two faces ’ere that ’ud
stop a clock, never mind a party” (J.B. Priestley, When We are Married, Act III, The
Plays of J.B. Priestley, II, 214)【cf. infra 287 marginalia on “salcigno”】; “She had a face that would stop a clock” (H.S. Keeler, The Five Silver Buddhas, p. 96). The Cambridge Italian Dictionary (1962)
does not record the phrase. Cf. K. Spalding & K. Brooke, An Historical Dictionary of German
Figurative Usage, p. 552: “der
Eierkopf, imbecile.... in strange contrast to Am. ‘egg-head”; cf. also the
German catch-phrases for an ugly mug: “Dein Kopf auf einen Blitzableiter und
das Gewitter macht einen Umweg!”; “dein Kopf auf der Briefmarke, unde die Post
geht pleite” (H. Küpper, Wörterbuch der
deutschen Umgangssprache, Bd. II, S. 72 & 76).【“So ugly the
flies won’t light on her face” (A. Taylor & B.J. Whiting, A Dict. of Am. Proverbs, p. 141)】
A. Orvieto, Primavera
della comamusa: “Il biancospino, / neve odorosa” (Ib., p. 96). Cf. D’Annunzio, Il
Piacere: “[Certe rose] parevano pezzi di neve odorante” (Ib., p. 765). A borrowing, perhaps, from
Hugo: “Des pommiers en fleurs et une brise tiède fait pleuvoir sur nous ce que
Hugo a si admirablement appelé la’neige odorante du printemps’” (G. Walch, Anthologie des Poètes français
contemporains, I, p. 432)[26].
T. Gnoli, Canti
di sogno: “Io che nei libri il cor tutto già posi, / or fo la guardia,
eunuco nel serraglio / a libri intonsi e a libri polverosi” (Ib., p. 97). Cf.
Edward Young, Sat., II, 83-4: “Unlearned men of books
assume the care, / As eunuchs are the guardians of the fair”; Hugo: “Il y’a des
gens qui ont une bibliothèque comme les eunuques ont un harem” (Littérature et Philosophie Mêlées, “Reliquat”,
éd. Albin Michel,
p. 247); Fausto Nicolini, Croce, p.
33: “... certi più bibliomani che bibliofili, non a torto paragonati dall’
abate Galiani agli ‘ennuchi dei serragli I quali non toccano e non lasciano
toccare’.” Cf. Piron’s epigram “Contre l’abbé des Fontaines”: “Que fait le bouc
en si joli bercail? / S’y plairait-il? Penserait-il y plaire? / Non. C’est
l’eunuque au milieu du sérail: / Il n’y fait rien, et nuit à qui veut faire.”【Pope to Martha Blount: “Sir Sam. Garth says, that for Ratcliffe to leave
a Library was as if an Eunuch should found a Seraglio” (Correspondence, ed. G. Sherburn, I, p. 269).】
R. Bacchelli, Il mulino del
Po: “La natura
non si sapeva se avesse inteso di tirarlo su dritto per ingobbarlo, o gobbo per
raddrizzarlo a metà dell’opera: un pentimento d’uomo” (Ib., p. 114). Cf. Maria Borgese, Le meraviglie crescono nell’orto: “una donna brutta come un rimorso”;
G. Manzini, Tempo innamorato: “Era
simile a una poesia scritta male, su una cartaccia, con molti sbagli”; G.
Marotta, in Cor. d. Sera, 23 ott. 1950: “Chi mi disegno in un momento di
cattivo umore certo mi butto via stizzito: ma, invece che nel cestino, cadi nel
mondo” (Ib., p. 115). The idea is as
old as Decamerone, VI. 6: “... i Baronci
furon fatti da Domenedio al tempo che egli avea cominciato d’apparare a
dipignere” ecc. (ed. Ulrico Hoepli, pp. 390-1); see Hamlet, III. ii: “O, there be players that... have so strutted &
bellowed that I have thought some of Nature’s journeymen had made men & not
made them well...” Cf. Bandello, Novelle,
III, p. 50. Cf.《甌北詩鈔‧七古卷一‧十不全歌》:“得非女媧摶土未定稿”;《定庵古今體詩》卷上〈人草稿〉:“因念造物者,豈無屬稿辰。”【John Earle, Microcosmography, “Acquaintance”: “Is the first draught of a
friend”; Edith Sitwell, Taken Care Of,
p. 42: “Though Dorothy Parker was of completely contemporary human origin, yet
she aroused in me the conjecture that the Almighty had been trying on her His apprentice
hand.”】【Henri Bauche, Le Langage populaire, p. 132: “Va dire à ta mère qu’elle te refasse!
= tu es laid...”】【Suetonius, V. iii, Claudius’s mother
called him “a monster of a man, not finished, but merely begun by Dame Nature”:
“eum hominis dictitabat, nec absolutum a natura, sed tantum inchoatum” (Loeb,
II, p. 7).】【“Paul Bourget a coutume de dire que les
grands écrivain s généralement un double inferior, qui les précede comme si la
nature avait dû se reprendre à deux fois pour mettre au monde des cerveaux si puissants. Ainsi Ratron est
le pithécanthrope de Corneille, Auguste Lafontaine celui de Stendhal. Et Balzac
aussi a le sien, qui est Restif de la Bretonne” (É. Henriot, Les Livres du second rayon, p. 299).】
Pascoli, Italy:
“Buio come a chiuder gli occhi” (Ib.,
p. 116). Cf. John Gunther, Inside Africa,
p. 53: “Senegalese black as blindness.”
A. Panzini, Gelsomino,
buffone del Re: “Cioccolate che piangevano dai neri occhi lagrime di crema
e di rosolio” (Ib., p. 198). Cf. D.
Deledda, La fuga in Egitto: “La stearica, buona parte dalla quale
s’era sciolta in un grappolo di lagrime bianche” (Ib., p. 134); Cesare Abbeli’s poem “Vindemia” on ripe grapes: “de gli
occhi aprendo il lagrimoso varco” (G.G. Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, p. 824); Federico Meninni’s “Gli alberi e la
sua donna”: “per dolcezza d’amore il fico piange” (Ib., p. 1048; cf. Basile, Il Pentamarone, II, tr. B. Croce, ed.
1957, p. 145: “alcuni fichi freschi, chi con la veste di pezzente, il collo
d’impiccato e le lacrime di meretrice...”);《雲仙雜記》卷二《金陵記》:“程皓以鐵牀熁肉,肥膏見火則油焰淋漓,戲曰:‘羔羊揮淚矣’”;《類說》卷一三《茶錄》:“謝宗論茶曰:‘觀蝦目之沸湧’”;《說郛》卷三十龐士英《談藪》:“湯之未滾者曰‘盲湯’,以其無眼, 初滾曰‘蟹眼’, 漸大曰‘魚眼’”; 劉弇《龍雲集》卷四〈宿法藏禪院〉:“高梧泣液涼參差”, “白汗泣珠霍如洗”;《漢書‧西域傳上》樓蘭國“出胡桐”,師古注:“蟲食其樹而沫出下流者,俗名為‘胡桐淚’,言似眼淚也”; Ben Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, II. i, Ursula: “How do the pigs, Mooncalf?” Mooncalf:
“Very passionate, mistress, one of ’em has wept out an eye [on the roastig
spit]” (Complete Plays, Everyman’s,
II, 202).【Cf. Augustine, Confessions, III. x on the Manichean belief that a fig tree wept “milky
tears” (lacrimis lacteis) when plucked (Loeb, I, pp. 134-6).】【Hugo Charteris, The Lifeline,
p. 62: “Sweat was wept from every little eye in his body.”】【李賀〈將進酒〉:“烹龍炮鳳玉脂泣”; Zola, L’Assommoir, ch. 7: “L’oie venait de
laisser échapper un flot de jus par le trou béant de son derrière; et Boche
rigolait: ‘Moi, je m’abonne...pour qu’on me fasse comme ça pipi dans la bouche.’”】
D. Garrone, Il
Sorriso degli Etruschi: “Le conchiglie, accosto all’orecchio, non tardano a
divenire ricevitori telefonico in comunicazione diretta con le sirene” (Ib., p. 208). Cf. Landor,
Gebir, Bk. I, ll. 170 ff. on “sinuous shells of pearly
hue within”: “Shake one & it awakens, then apply / Its polished lips to
your attentive ear, / And it remembers its august abodes, / And murmurs as the
ocean murmurs there” (see Edith J. Morley, ed., The Correspondence
of H.C. Robinson with the Wordsworth Circle, I, p. 21 on Wordsworth’s supposed
borrowing of this image in The Excursion,
Bk. V).
“Nel mediocre componimento in versi, la Lezione di anatomia di Bernardino Zendrini
l’autore si ribella all’idea che un volgare muscolo sia la sede dei sentimenti
e delle passioni e ogni strofa ha il ritornello: ‘Ah, professore, alla à in
errore, / codesta muscolo, non, non è il cuore” (Ib., p. 222, Provenzal’s Introdution to the heading “Cuore”; cf.
Coleridge: “The heart in its physical sense is not sufficient for a kite’s
dinner; yet the whole world is not sufficient for it”
— Allsop’s Recollections).
Cf. Croce, La Poesia, 5a
ed., p. 5: “Di Giosue Carducci, a rifiuto della idolatria allora usuale del ‘cuore’
come genio della poesia, sono noti i sarcasmi e le invettive contro quel ‘vil
muscolo nocivo alla grand’arte pura’...”; Vauvenargues: “Les grandes pensées
viennent du coeur” (Oeuv. choisies,
“La Renaissance du Livre”, p. 159); André Chénier: “Épilogue”: “L’art ne fait
que des vers, le coeur seul est poëte” (Oeuv.
comp., Bib. d. l. Pléiade, p. 614); Musset, Namouna
(Chant II, st. IV): “Sachez-le, — c’est le coeur qui parle et qui soupire / Lorsque
la main écrit, — c’est le coeur qui se fond;” etc. (Poésies complètes, Bib. d. l. Pléiade, pp. 264-5). Also Sir Philip
Sidney, Astrophel & Stella, I: “Fool,
said my Muse to me, look in thy heart & write” (Poems, ed. W.A. Ringler, Jr., p. 165); see 七三三則眉.[27]【[補七三二則]Provenzal, p. 222. Flaubert to Louise Colet: “La
passion ne fait pas les vers, et plus vous serez personnel, plus vous serez
faible” (Correspondance,
éd. Louis
Conard, III, p. 30; again “C’est avec la tête qu’on écrit” — p. 50). Émile
Henriot, Maîtres d’hier et contemporains,
p. 129 quoting a scene from Porto-Riche’s Amoureuse
“un détail d’Époque savoureux”: the heroine reads the latest books Un coeur de femme [Bourget], Notre coeur [Maupassant], Leur coeur [Lavedan], Trois coeurs [Édouard Rod] — “des
histoires d’amour, de l’adultère, des chagrins de femme.” Chateaubriand, Génie du christianisme, Ière Préface:
“ma conviction est sortie du coeur; j’ai pleuré et j’ai cru.”】
T. Colsalvatico, Sempre festa: “[Finto tonto] Come l’albero dice a tutti i venti di
sì, ma resta fermo nelle sue radice” (Ib.,
287). Cf. Eckermann, Gespräche mit Goethe,
1827, April 11: “Er [Wieland] war einem Rohre ähnlich, das der Wind der
Meinungen hin und her bewegte, das aber auf seinem Wurzelchen immer feste
blieb” (Aufbau, 1950, S. 307); Auguast von Platen’s charming little poem: “Im
Wasser wogt die Lilie, die blanke, hin und her; / Doch irrst du, Freund, sobald
du sagst, sie schwanke hin und her. / Es wurzelt ja so fest ihr Fuss im tiefen
Meeresgrund, / Ihr Haupt nur wiegt ein lieblicher Gedanke hin und her” (Neue Ghaselen, nr. 181; Sämtliche Werke, hrsg. M. Koch & E.
Petzet, Bd. Iii, S. 130). Julien Benda, writing on “l’abstrait rendu charnel”,
handsomly praises the following image in the works of his bête noire: “Telle est la célèbre image... de Bergson comparant nos élats de
conscience superficiels aux feuilles de nénuphar immobiles à la surface d’un étang
dont le fond est agité” (Du Style d’Idées,
p. 233). In Chinese, 楊柳 is a symbol of spineless pliancy; in
Italian “salcigno” (from “salcio”) applied to meat means tough, & is used
on unmanageable, intractable, stubborn person (The Cambridge Italian Dict., p. 688). A good example of the semiotic
neutrality or indifference of metaphor: one & the same vehicle can be
fitted to diverse & evenopposite tenors (cf. Gottlieb Frege, Über Sinn und Bedeutung on the same
reference or Sinn with different
meanings or Bedeutungen) one might
indeed have a “metaphorical polygon” beside the usual “semantic triangle”.[28]
Indeed, the tree nodding in the breeze & the lily swaying in the pnd can
themselves serve as metaphors for the mataphor: the vehicle remains unchanged
in its character, accomodating & pliant it may be, in its relationship to
various tenors. Cf.《談藝錄》三六七頁“鏡花水月”喻[29]; & supra 第三二○則 on 曹植〈蝙蝠賦〉; 第六六一則 on metaphors for dialectics; 第七三一則論《全唐文》卷二六七; 第七七○則 on〈谷風〉; 七七三則《史記‧司馬相如列傳》; Jean Rousset, Anthologie de la poésie baroque française, I, p. 267 on Mme
Guyon’s use of the usually derogeatory images of the ball, the weathercock, the
straw in the wind, etc. to symbolize the quietist virtue of abandon or indifference.【Provenzal, p. 287[30]. “鏡花水月” applicable to opposite tenors: Baldi, Cento Apologi: “Uno specchio si vantava di far
ritratti più al naturale di qualsivoglia pittore [cf. German idiom: ‘Das Bild
ist wie aus dem Spiegel gestohlen’]. La cui arroganza non essendo sofferta,
udì: Sì, ma le tue immagini spariscono con lo sparir dell’obietto” (Leopardi, La crestomazia italiana, ed. Ulrico Hoepli,
p. 72). See also 七二四則 on the metaphor of the waves in
Shelley & Gotthelf.】
C. Dossi, Note
azzurre: “[Il gatto] Lo scaldamani delle poverette” (Ib., p. 325). A variation on the
convention of calling the cat the reading-lamp of poor scholars; cf. Tasso’s
sonnet on the cats of Lo Spedale di Sant’Anna: “veggio un’altra gattina,
e veder parmi /
l’Orsa maggior con la minore: o gatte, / lucerne del mio studio, o gatte amate”
(Rime di vario argomento, no. 106; Poesie, a cura di F. Flora, p. 881);
Tommaso Stigliani: “Desiderio di lucciole”: “poiché non ho più gli occhi /
della gatta gentil, che mi fuggiò, / lucerna antica dello mio studio” (G.G.
Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, p. 654).
In old Chinese tradition the cat serves as a timepiece, see e.g.《埤雅》卷四:“貓眼早暮則圓,日漸午狹長,正午則如一線爾”; 《物類相感志》:“貓兒眼知時,有歌云:‘子午線,卯酉圓,寅申已亥銀杏樣,辰戌丑未側如錢’”;《瑯嬛記》卷下引《志奇》:“及掘,貓身已化,惟得二睛,堅滑如珠,中間一道白,橫搭轉側分明,驗十二時無誤,與生不異。胡人恠之”. As Baudelaire said in “L’Horloge”: “Les Chinois voient l’heure dans
l’oeil des chats” (Oeuv. comp.,
éd. la Pléiade,
p. 303, cf. p. 1443).
C. Govoni, Il
quaderno dei sogni e delle stelle: “[La luna] L’unghiata pallida del primo
quarto” (Ib., p. 417). Cf. the poem
on 新月 attributed to 建文帝:“誰將玉指甲,抓破碧天痕;影落江湖上,蛟龍不敢吞”(《列朝詩集》乾上引鄭曉《遜國記》; 錢謙益 says that the
poem is in fact by 楊維楨, but I have not found it in《東維子集》&《鐵崖樂府》; 陳惟崧《湖海樓詞集》卷二〈眉峯碧〉:“半鈎纖月柳梢頭,問誰偷把青天掐”; E.F. Benson, Paying
Guests, Tauchnitz ed., p. 208: “There was a nail-paring of a moon in the
west.”
G. Gozzano, Colloqui:
“La luna sopra il campanile antico / pareva un punto sopra un’ i gigante” (Ib., p. 417). Cf. Mariani, Il tramonto di don Giovanni: “Il corno
della luna splende sul minareto come un accento d’oro sopra un i d’argento” (Ib., p. 419). Both derived from Musset’s notorious “Ballade à la
lune”: “C’était,
dans la nuit brune, / Sur le clocher jauni, / La lune / Comme un point sur un i” (Poésies
complètes, éd. la Pléiade, p. 95). Cf. C. Salsa, Il ritorno degli amanti: “La finestra era aperta sul cielo: una
rondine indiavolata spruzzava di virgole quella pagina cilestrina” (Ib., p. 761)[31];
E. Praga, Memorie del presbiterio: “Mi parevi [il campanile] un punto d’interrogazione
lanciato
nell’infinito, una domanda rivolta all’ignoto che non risponde” (Ib., p. 132); E. De Marchi, Nuove storie: “con una piccola virgola al
posto della barba” (Provenzal, p. 87); A. Gatti, Ilia ed Alberto: “Aveva un barbiglio a punta che, quando la bocca
si si chiudeva, cadeva giù come un punto esclamativo” (Ib., p. 87); G. Lopez, Il
campo: “il fumo saliva nell’aria come un punto di domanda” (p. 314); Salsa,
Il ritorno degli amanti: “La finestra
era aperta sul cielo: una rondine indiavolata spruzzava di virgole quella
pagina cilestrina” (Ib., p. 761). D.V. Liliencron: “Auf einem Bahnhof”: “Der neue
Mond schob wie ein Komma sich / Just zwischen zwei bepackte Güterwagen”; P.H.
Newby, A Guest & His Going, p.
159: “... that remote exclamation mark in water color, the factory chimney”;
Jane Rule, The Desert of the Heart,
p. 9: “Over the roofs of the next residential block there was the inverted
exclamation mark of a church spire.” Another variety of typographical conceit
applies to the features of human being or animals. Bruno, Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante, Dialogo I: “... cominciando da gli
angoli de la bocca... da l’uno e altro canto comincia a scoprirsi la forma di
quattro parentesi, che ingeminate par che ti vogliano, stringendo la bocca,
proibir il riso con quegli archi circonferenziali...” (Opere di Bruno e di Campanella,
ed. A. Guzzo & R. Amerio, p. 485); Bettinotti in Secolo XIX, 12 febbr. 1948: “La coda del maiale
sembra una virgola che si snodi fra due parentesi” (Ib., p. 704); Maria Luisa Astaldi, Una ragazza cresce: “La piccola
ruga, come una virgola all’angolo della bocca”; F. Bondioli, Cecilia o gli affetti perduti: “due
rughe le chiudevano ai lati la bocca tra due parentesi...” (Ib., p. 769); Willy Dias, L’ora di amore: “Le rughe le mettevano
una parentesi dolorosa sulle guance, presso la bocca” (Ib., p. 770);
Gianna Manzini,
Tempo innamorato: “La virgola di una
ruga vicino alla tempia” (Ib., p. 771);
Pitigrilli, Oltraggio al pudore: “Le
rughe verticali che le mettevano tra parentesi la bocca” (Ib., p. 772); G. Maggiore, Gli
occhi cangianti: “un sorriso chiuso tra due parentesi oscure ai due lati
della bocca” (p. 853). 七三三則眉.[32]【[補七三二則]Provenzal, p. 417. Hugo, Les
Années funestes, 10.
“Bord
de la mer”: “La route qui descend des plaines à la grève / Ouvre en la
rencontrant les deux bras de l’Y
grec / Par où les chariots vont chercher du varech”; Toute
la lyre, “La
Fantaisie”,
18, “Mascaron”: “Il avait le front bas, le rire d’un pirate, / Le poil noir, l’oeil chinois, la mine scélérate; / Un turban
le coiffait comme Nostradamus / Et, se rejoignant presque à son gros nez camus,
/ Moustaches
et sourcils d’une
énorme envergure /
Lui dessinaient un X à travers la figure”
(Oeuvjres poétiques complètes, Montréal,
Éditions Bernard Valiquette, p. 751 & p. 1174); Nathanael
West, The Dream Life of Balso Snell:
“His mouth formed an O with lips torn angry in laying duck’s eggs from a
chicken’s rectum” (Complete Works,
Secker & Warburg, p. 37); Peter Towry, Trial
by Battle, p. 5: “His teeth were yellowish, with an exclamation of pure
gold on the left-hand side”; Herve Bazin, Lève-toi
et marche, pp. 27-8: “j’éternuai. Le plus discrètement possible: une simple
lettre russe, un ‘tché’ dévié par le nez et presque étouffé dans le mouchoir.”【Góngora, Soledades on the
meanders on a river “dividing to form islands which make leafy parentheses in
the period of their current” (G. Brennan, The
Literature of the Spanish People, p. 248).】Cf.《考工記‧梓人》:“作其鱗之而”,孫詒讓《周禮正義》:“戴震云:頰側上出者曰‘之’,下垂者曰‘而’,鬚鬣屬也”();《南齊書》卷 27〈李安民傳〉[33]:“面方如‘田’”;《貴耳集》卷一:“孝皇聖明,亦為左右者所惑。……有宦者奏知:來日有川知州上殿。……外面有一語云:‘裹上幞頭“西”字臉’,恐官家見了笑。……面大而横濶,故有此語“;《清稗類鈔‧爵秩類‧大挑知縣》:“大挑論品貌,以‘同田貫日,身甲氣由’八字為衡。‘同’則面方長,‘田’則面方短,‘貫’則頭大身直長,‘日’則肥瘦長短適中而端直,皆中選。‘身’則體斜不正,‘甲’則頭大身小,‘氣’則單肩高聳,‘由’則頭小身大,皆不中選”;《清平山堂話本‧刎頸鴛鴦會》:“止做得個‘呂’字兒而散”;《肉蒲團》第十回:“豈有下面寫了‘中’字,上面不寫‘呂’字之理”; 第十五回:[一男兩女]“上面寫‘呂’字,下面寫‘串’字”;《通俗編》卷二十二《元池說林》:“狐之相接也,必先‘呂’,‘呂’者、以口相接。傳奇中猥褻廋語所本”; 方干詩:“路尋之字見禪關”; 劉昭禹詩:“之字上危峯”;《元詩選丙集》張伯淳〈雨餘出郊〉:“瘦筇支彳亍,狹路寫之玄”, etc. Antony & Cleopatra, IV. vii, Scarus:
“I had a wound here that was like a T, / But now ‘tis made an H”[34] (Complete Works, ed. G.L. Kittredge, p.
1318). Cf. 六三三則眉[35]. Cf. Luigi
Pirandello, Uno, nessuno e centomila,
Lib. I, cap. 1: “Le mie sopracciglia parevano sugli occhi due accenti
circonflessi, ^ ^...” (Opere, I, Tutti I Romanzi, a cura di C. Alvardo, p.
1285); V. Nabokov, The Gift, p. 153: “She
was slowly mixing a white exclamation mark of sour cream into her borshch”; Kathrin
Perutz, A House on the Sound, p. 59: “Edward
looked at Nickie & his left eyebrow formed a high circumflex”; p. 94: “She
moved her leg towards him, trembling as the V of her thighs widened”; P.B.
Abercrombie, The Little Difference,
p. 25: “The rain-drops made exclamation marks on the window-pane”; V. Nabokov, Lolita, Olympia Press, p. 38: “The question mark of a hair inside
the tub”; Erwin Strittmatter, Tinko
(1956), S. 64: “Es kommt ein graugestprenkelter Schneewind. Er löscht die sonne
von Himmel, wie man ein Null mit dem Schwamm von der Schulwandtafel wischt”;
Jules Renard, Journal,
éd. NRF, p.
132: “Raide comme un I enceint”; Reade, The
Cloister & the Hearth, ch. 8 (“Modern Library”, p. 70): “A hare came
cantering, then sat sprightly, and her ears made a capital V.” In American slang,
“Exclamation marks” means a girl’s legs (!!) & “Parentheses” means bow legs
(( )). German “X-beinig” & “O –beinig” & French “avoir les jambes en X”
& “avoir les jambes en parenthèses” for knock-knees & bow-legs
respectively. Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt,
Ch. X, sect. 3: “... & village lamps like exclamation-points” (p. 146).
Hector France, La vache enragée: “Le
sourcil en accent circonflexe et l’oeil en point d’interrogation” (quoted in
Richard Burton, The Book of the Thousand
Nights & a Night, X, p. 171); Anthony Burgess, Honey for the Bears, p. 92: “The kohled girl gave a loud yawn, a
huge red capital O”; Dashiell Hammett, The
Maltese Falcon, “Modern Lib.”, p. 3 on “the V-motif” in Spade’s features.
Dante’s wonderful simile in Purgatorio,
XXIII, 31-3 is the archetype of all these: “Parean l’occhiaie anella senza
gemme; / chi nel viso degli uomini legge omo
/ bene avria quivi conosciuto l’emme”
(Opere, ed. E. Moore & P.
Toynbee, p. 86; the words “omo dei” were supposed to be legible on the human
face
〇卷三八二元結〈自箴〉:「君欲求權,須曲須圓。」按同卷〈汸泉銘〉、〈淔泉銘〉復申此意,卷三八三〈惡圓〉、〈惡曲〉兩篇而大暢厥說。【陸龜蒙〈奉酬襲美苦雨見寄〉:「不然受性圓如規,千姿萬態分毫釐。唾壺虎子盡能執,舐痔折枝無所辭。有頭強方心強直,撐拄頹風不量力。」參觀樂天〈詠拙〉:「從兹知性拙,不解轉如輪。」】竊謂次山文章未臻極致,正緣欠曲欠圓,苦方板平直耳。
〇卷三八二元結〈惡圓〉:「天不圓也。」按孫淵如《平津館文稿》卷下〈釋方〉亦云:「夫方而模稜,君子惡之,故聖人有不觚之歎。自地圓之說行,則重圓而毀方。自歲差之說行,指分秒以求天地之差,忒則小過足以累賢才。吾懼世道人心之去古日遠也。」【孟郊〈上達奚舍人〉:「萬俗皆走圓,一身猶學方。」然《太平廣記》卷二○二〈陳琡〉(出《玉堂閒話》):「留一章與僧云:『行若獨輪車,常畏大道覆。止若圓底器,常恐他物觸。行止既如此,安得不離俗』」(琡乃陳鴻子)。元稹〈胡旋女〉:「萬過其誰辨始终,四座安能分背面。才人觀者相為言, 承奉君恩在圓變。是非好惡隨君口,南北東西逐君眄。柔軟依身著佩帶,裵回繞指同環釧」;白居易〈胡旋女〉:「天寶季年時欲變,臣妾人人學圜轉。中有太真外祿山,二人最道能胡旋。」】
〇卷四二五于邵〈進畫松竹園表〉稱竹有歲寒之操[102],故畫松以竹佐之。卷四二六〈與楊員外書〉云:「嘗當春臺,梅柳動色,思與携手,傷如之何?」可見唐人初尚不以梅與松、竹並列為「歲寒三友」也。朱慶餘〈早梅〉:「堪把依松竹,良圖一處栽」,則〈歲寒三友圖〉矣!
〇卷四三二僕固懷恩〈陳情書〉:「臣實不欺天地,不負神明,夙夜三思,臣罪有六:(中略)徵兵討叛,使得河曲清泰,賊徒奔亡,是臣不忠於國,其罪一也。(中略)臣不愛骨肉之重,而徇忠義之誠,是臣不忠於國,其罪二也」云云。按全仿李斯〈獄中上書〉自數七罪筆意。《史記‧李斯列傳第二十七》載此〈書〉,反言譎陳長篇文字,莫古於此,所謂 Irony 也,參觀 H. Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik, Bd. I, S. 302: “Die Ironie ist der Ausdruck einer Sache durch ein deren Gegenteil bezeichnendes Wort” usw.; Henri Morier, Dictionnaire de Poétique et de Rhétorique, p. 217: “... on exprime le contraire de ce que l’on veut faire entendre” etc.。又按懷恩〈書〉有云:「共生異見妄作加諸。」段若膺《經韻樓集》卷五〈與章子卿論加字〉引其語及引《史通‧采撰篇》、昌黎〈諍臣論〉謂唐人用《論語》子貢「我不欲人之加諸我也」云云,義訓皆與《說文》合:「加」者,誣也,譄也。而未引《左傳》莊公十年:「犧牲玉帛,勿敢加也,必以信」,杜注:「祝詞不敢以小為大,以惡為美」,正誣譄之謂。至張文成《游仙窟》亦云:「豈敢在外談說,妄事加諸」,則段氏不得見。《戰國策‧秦策一》蘇秦說秦惠王曰:「繁稱文辭,天下不治」,高誘注云:「去本事末,多攻文辭,以相加誣」;《公羊傳》莊公元年:「夫人譖公于齊侯」,何邵公《解詁》:「如其事曰訴,加誣曰譖」;《穀梁傳》昭公二五年:「鸜鵒穴者,而曰巢;或曰:『增之也』」,范武子注云:「加增言巢爾,其實不巢也」;《三國志‧魏書‧公孫淵傳》裴注引《魏略》載淵〈表〉云:「緣事加誣,偽生節目」,皆足徵漢、晉人以「加」與「誣」連類,而段氏未引。《漢書‧隽疏于薛平彭傳》:「詔責于定國曰:『將從東方來者加增之也?』」《禮記‧儒行》:「不加少而為多」,《正義》:「不加增少勝,自以為多,以矜大也。」
〇卷四四一蕭森〈京兆府美原縣永仙觀碑文〉:「於是集晉右軍王羲之書,勒《清淨智慧觀身經》,銘碑刻石。」按指觀主田名德也。僧懷仁集右軍書〈聖教序〉及《心經》,僧大雅集右軍書〈鎮國大將軍吳文碑〉,得此道士而三。[105]
, see Dorothy L. Sayers, tr., The
Divine Comedy, “The Penguin Classics”, II, p. 251). E.R. Curtius quoted
Dante’s lines as an exaple of the Buchenstaben
symbol (Europäische Literatur und
Lateinisches Mittelalter, 2te Aufl., S. 333), but did not pursue
its ramifications & elaborations. Paolo Zazzaroni’s ingenious conceit in
his sonnet “Per un neo bruno, ch’aveva la sua donna nel volto”: “Ch’Amore, in
terminar faccia sì bella, / lasciò de l’opra al fin quel neo per punto” (G.G.
Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, p.
977). Manzoni, I Promesi sposi, cap.
1: “La strada si divideva in due viottole, a foggia d’un ipsilon” (Ed. Ulrico
Hoepli, p. 7); Viani, Parigi: “La
bocca tagliata a V maiuscolo” (Provenzal, p. 107); Annie Vivanti, Zingaresca: “Bocca sprezzante rivolta
all’ingiú come un accento circonflesso” (Ib.,
p. 107); cf. 第三八九則.
Gianna Manzini, Rive remote: “Le rondini, con nette
gugliate di volo, tra pungevano il cielo” (Ib., p. 760). Cf.《石林詩話》引唐末諸子詩“魚躍練江拋玉尺,鶯穿絲柳織金梭”[36].
M. Viscardini, Giovannino o la vita romantica: “[Di due
sorelle] sempre unite a mai d’accordo, come due occhi strabici” (Ib., p. 251). Cf. E. Fuchs, Illustrierte Sittengeschichte, II, S.
122-3: “Als besondre Schönheit des weiblichen Busens galt jedoch — dies
freilich zu allen Zeiten — wenn die beiden Brüste weit von einander abstehen
und beide noch auswärts gerichtet sind
zwei feindliche Schwestern, die sich gegenseitig niemals ansehen” (cf. Havelock
Ellis, Man & Woman, p. 158: “‘The
breasts should always live at enmity,’ a sculptor oncc said to E. Brücke; ‘the
right should look to the right & the left to the left’ (The Human Form, p. 72).”
D’Annunzio, Il trionfo della morte: “Il mare mosso da un tremolìo sempre eguale e continuo, rispecchiando la felicità
diffusa del cielo pareva come frangerla in miriadi di sorrisi inestinguibili”
(Ib., p. 454). An elaboration of Aeschylus’s famous simile in Prometheus Bound:
“The multitudinous laughter of the waves of ocean”, see 三二一則 on《平齋文集》卷四〈泥溪〉. Cf. Milton, Comus, 119: “By dimpled brook &
fountain-brim”; Cardinal de Bernis: “Les Petits Trous”: “Ainsi qu’Hébé, la
jeune Pompadour, / A deux jolis trous sur sa joue! / Deux trous charmants où le
plaisir se joue, / Qui furent faits par la main de l’Amour. / L’emprente de son
doigt forma ce joli trou, / Séjour aimable du sourire, / Dont le plus sage
seroit fou”; R.D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone,
ch. 19: “... & in the midst a tiny spring arose with crystal beads in it,
and a soft voice as of a laughing dream, & dimples like a sleeping babe”
(“Everyman’s”, p. 121); especially in Thoreau, Walden: “The Ponds”: “... which the fishes dart at & so dimple
it again”; “the dimpling circles”; “in circling dimples”; “the perch... rising
to the surface & dimpling it”; “some dimples on the surface” etc. (“Modern
Lib.”, pp. 169, 170, 171, 172).
七三三[37]
續七三一則:
《全唐文》卷二九四王泠然〈論薦書〉洋洋三千七百二十五字,篇末乃云:「此書上論不雨,陰陽乖度,中願相公進賢為務,下論僕身求用之路」,一若恐張燕公讀之不得要旨,而為提綱挈領者,可笑也。【《史記‧太史公自序》結處歷數各篇:「作五帝本紀第一」云云,「著十二本紀」云云,「凡百三十篇」云云,其嚆矢也。】【《西遊記》九十九回靈山上重數八十難;《西洋記》八九回至九○回陰司崔判官判一干無罪枉死鬼案凡三十二宗,即寶船下西洋一路所殺之番邦將士,逐一重提;《野叟曝言》一百四十九、一百五十回百壽堂間燕,百齣戲文,逐事重提;Romeo & Juliet, V. iii, Friar Laurence 重述本事(參觀 A.W. Schlegel, Kritische Schriften und Briefe, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Bd. I, S. 135),皆用此法而得竅者。】〈與御史高昌宇書〉:「貴人多忘,國士難期。」按上句流傳,已成俗諺,錢竹汀《恒言錄》卷六即謂出泠然此〈書〉。《史記‧陳涉世家》云:「涉少時,嘗與人傭耕,輟耕之壟上,悵恨久之,曰:『苟富貴,無相忘』」;〈外戚世家〉云:「薄姬少時與管夫人、趙子兒相愛,約曰:『先貴無相忘』」;「衛子夫上車,平陽公主拊其背曰:『行矣,彊飯,勉之!即貴,無相忘。』」皆冀其能貴,更冀其貴而能不忘故舊也。端賴泠然一語,點破貪癡妄想。Cf. Tocqueville: “En politique on périt souvent pour avoir
trop de mémoire” (J. Pommier, Creations
en littérature, p. 25).
〇卷二九四王泠然〈與御史高昌宇書〉:「僕稍善文章,每蒙提獎。」按卷二一四陳子昂〈為蘇令本與岑內史啟〉云:「然親貴盈朝,豈忘提獎」;陸龜蒙〈襲美先輩以龜蒙所獻五百言既蒙見和復示榮唱至於千字提獎之重蔑有稱實再抒鄙懷用伸酬謝〉。王壬秋《日記》好用「提愛」,如光緒三十一年五月十二日:「譚兒來,云求提愛」;十四日:「胡子靖追來,求提愛,諾諾連聲」;三十二年二月廿七日:「衹得延見,大要不離提愛者近是」;六月廿二日:「前傭婦湛來,求提愛,老不可愛矣」等等,推愛提拔之意耶?
〇卷三○一呂向〈美人賦〉詞頗蹇吃。白香山〈上陽人〉自注云:「天寶末,有密采豔色者,當時號『花鳥使』,呂向獻〈美人賦〉以諷之。」元稹〈上陽人〉自注略同。卷四四七竇泉〈述書賦〉稱向「歐鍾相雜,自是一調;其於小楷,尤更巧妙」,自注:「呂以〈美人賦〉忤上,賴張說進諫得釋。」
〇卷三○一何延之〈蘭亭始末記〉:「字有重者,皆構別體。其中『之』字最多,乃有二十許字,變轉悉異,遂無同者。」按米南宮《寶晉英光集》卷三〈題永徽中所模蘭亭敘〉七古云:「二十八行三百字,之字最多無一似。」右《全唐文》卷二六五蔡希綜〈法書論〉亦云:「每書一紙,有重字,亦須字字意殊」;卷四四七竇泉〈述書賦下〉云:「虔禮凡草,閭閻之風,千紙一類,一字萬同」;趙彥衡《雲麓漫鈔》卷一云:「高宗嘗書〈車攻篇〉賜樞密沈公與求必先,字甚大,重字皆更一體書。」余舊見米顛〈多景樓記〉真蹟,「景」字、「樓」字皆十餘疊,均構別體,正右軍遺法也。又新覩故宮所藏神龍本〈蘭亭〉墨跡,神采煥發,定武〈蘭亭〉等石拓本皆可廢矣!黃伯思《東觀餘論》卷下〈題集逸少書聖教序後〉稱其中字與右軍遺帖所有纖微克肖,今徵之神龍本中,「崇」字、「流」字、「風」字、「觀」字、「夫」字、「懷」字、「閒」字、「趣」字、「殊」字、「然」字、「靜」字、「攬」字、「精林」字等,與〈聖教序〉中字不爽錙銖。諸本便略存影響,非神龍本不能見懷仁模寫之精、來歷之確,而非〈聖教序〉亦不能證神龍本之最得右軍真面目也。【胡書農敬《崇雅堂詩鈔》卷五〈閻立本畫蕭翼賺蘭亭圖〉:「脩書昔讀延之紀,此舉深疑近兒戲《全唐文》所收何延之記敘蕭賺〈蘭亭〉事甚詳。却看閻令與同時,寫入丹青狀無異」云云。按似未見《攻媿集》卷七十一〈跋袁起巖所藏閻立本畫蕭翼賺蘭亭圖〉,而詞意全同。】
〇卷三○四韓琬〈睿宗論時政疏〉:「不務省事,而務捉搦。」按卷二五四蘇〈禁斷女樂敕〉云:「仍令御史金吾,嚴加捉搦」;卷七○六李德裕〈亳州聖水狀〉云:「臣於蒜山,已加捉搦」;卷八五五馬承翰〈請禁走馬宮人奏〉云[38]:「如有故違,走馬者不問是何色目人,並捉搦申所司」;《太平廣記》卷一六三〈白馬寺〉(《朝野僉載》):「自後捉搦僧尼嚴急」;《舊唐書‧高宗紀下》永隆二年正月詔李義玄:「卿可嚴加捉搦」;《朝野僉載》卷一:「神武皇帝……自後捉搦僧尼嚴急」;《北齊書》卷十五〈庫狄士文傳〉:「令人捕搦」;《隋書》卷七十四〈酷吏傳〉作「令人捕捉」;古樂府〈捉搦歌〉首唱詞意凄苦,亦羈囚語也。即後世所謂「捕捉」也。
〇卷三○五梁高望〈雲居寺石浮圖銘〉:「於是清信士易州新安府折衝都尉李文安。」按卷二九五徐鍔〈大寶積經述〉云:「有清信佛弟子前少府監丞李式顏等」;卷四○八張鍊〈尊勝阤羅尼寶幢銘〉則云:「別有諄諄耆年,兼諸信士」;後世衹言「信士」而已。《唐文拾遺》卷六三本願寺銅鐘銘碑陰亦云:「清信士等」;《太平廣記》卷五十九〈梁母〉(《集仙錄》):「汝為我謝東方諸清信士女」;《法苑珠林》卷五十引《無上依經》:「若有清信人,布施四方僧」;卷一百六:「優婆塞者,諸經亦云清信士,亦云近佛男;優婆夷者,亦云清信女,亦云近佛女。」
〇卷三百六張楚〈與達奚侍郎書〉亦干乞之奇文,動以貧賤故舊之情,與王泠然〈與御史高昌宇書〉,一則老氣橫秋,一則盛氣逼人,可謂同工異曲。
〇卷三一四李華〈含元殿賦〉用意殊新(「建都營室,必相地形,詢卜筮,考以農隙,工以子來,虞人獻山林之榦,太史占日月之吉,雖班、張、左思,角立於前代,未能備也」)。文體學漢賦之瑰瑋,而去其板重填砌,於唐人賦中,庶幾復古高跡者矣。卷三一八〈言醫〉亦有〈七發〉之意,而不盡落窠臼,惜詞句均粗糙。遐叔筆力排奡,送行諸〈序〉頗能擺脫套語,然尚不如元次山送行〈序〉之盡去匡格。至於「磨瓏礲去圭角,浸潤著光精」[39],則初未夢見,惟〈弔古戰場文〉卷三二一一篇跳出耳。卷三八八獨孤及〈檢校尚書吏部員外郎趙郡李公中集序〉謂子昂「以雅易鄭」,遐叔、茂挺「勃焉復起」[40],「識者謂之文章中興」,蓋當時羣兒自貴如是。
〇卷三一四李華〈望瀑泉賦〉:「彼廬山浮重湖之上兮,峩極天之峻壁。(中略)孤流皎皎於蒼梁,翠淙千仞兮懸帛;玉繩縋於寥天,銀河垂於廣澤。」按太白〈望廬山瀑布〉之「飛流直下三千尺,疑是銀河落九天」(卷三四九李白〈秋於敬亭送從侄耑遊廬山序〉:「瀑布天落,半與銀河爭流」);徐凝〈廬山瀑布〉之「今古長如白練飛,一條界破青山色」,皆於此〈賦〉見端倪矣。
〇卷三一五李華〈贈禮部尚書清河孝公崔沔集序〉:「文章本乎作者,而哀樂繫乎時。本乎作者,六經之志也;繫乎時者,樂文武而哀幽厲也。(中略)夫子之文章,偃、商傳焉,偃、商歿而孔伋、孟軻作,蓋六經之遺也。屈平、宋玉哀而傷,靡而不返,六經之道遯矣。」按《文心雕龍‧宗經》以後,首拈六經為文章之本;昌黎〈進學解〉、〈送孟東野序〉以前,首以孟子與屈平為一家眷屬。雖昌黎推孟、屈同工善鳴,而遐叔斥屈失六經之道,要同歸於文章則一也。遐叔〈揚州功曹蕭穎士文集序〉(卷三一五)云:「君以為六經之後,有屈原、宋玉,文甚雄壯,而不能經。厥後有賈誼,文詞最正,近於理體。枚乘、司馬相如,亦瓌麗才士,然而不近風雅。揚雄用意頗深,班彪識理,張衡宏曠,曹植豐贍,王粲超逸,嵇康標舉,此外皆金相玉質,所尚或殊,不能備舉。左思詩賦有〈雅〉、〈頌〉遺風,干寶著論近王化根源,此後敻絕無聞焉。近日陳拾遺子昂文體最正」云云,可相參觀(卷三二三蕭穎士〈贈韋司業書〉云:「僕平生屬文,格不近俗,凡所擬議,必希古人,魏晉以來,未嘗留意」云云,蓋夸大之詞,不如遐叔所記為近實也)。薄屈、宋、相如,而取王、嵇、左、干,不如昌黎所見之卓。亦以駢、散尚合,李、杜未起,故詩如太沖,文若令升,皆未至等諸自鄶耳。不數及馬遷,尤非具眼。卷三一七李華〈三賢論〉記「蕭以史書為繁,尢罪子長不編年陳事,而為列傳,後代因之,非典訓也,將正其失」云云,卷三二三蕭穎士〈贈韋司業書〉云:「有漢之興,舊章頓革。馬遷唱其始,班固揚其風,〈紀〉、〈傳〉平分,〈表〉、〈志〉區別。其文複而雜,其體漫而疏」云云,文中子《中說‧王道篇》:「吾視遷、固而下,述作何其紛紛乎」云云,〈天地篇〉:「史之失,自遷、固始也」云云,蓋初唐人議論,雖言史法,而於《史記》描摹人物了無賞會。揣而可知,昌黎〈進學解〉曰:「太史所錄」,真特識也!昌黎以前,惟權載之獨具隻眼,《全唐文》卷四九五〈醉說〉乃其談藝宗旨,有云:「六經之後,班馬得其門,其或愨如中郎,放如漆園」,拈出莊生、馬遷上接六經,此劉彥和之所未窺(《文心雕龍‧諸子篇第十七》稱孟、荀、管、晏、韓非、《呂覽》、列禦寇而不及莊子,〈史傳篇第十六〉不及《史記》,〈才略第四十七〉稱史公〈士不遇賦〉「麗縟成文」),而昌黎之心得也。卷五一八梁肅〈常州刺史獨孤及集後序〉載及語曰:「後世雖有作者,六籍其不可及已。荀孟樸而少文,屈宋華而無根。有以取正,其賈生、史遷、班孟堅云爾」(參觀第五七五則論《嵩山文集》卷十五〈答賈子莊書〉),又卷五二二〈祭獨孤常州文〉記其言曰:「為學在勤,為文在經」,蓋稱班、馬而不取孟、屈,又不及莊生,是亦勿如昌黎之為知言。卷五三八裴度〈寄李翺書〉力非古文,尤斥昌黎,而其文即不為偶儷聲韻所拘,已是散文。歷數文家,周、孔以下,荀、孟、騷人賈、揚、劉、董、兩司馬,亦隱隱秉韓公議論矣。卷五七三柳宗元〈與楊京兆憑書〉云:「博如莊周,哀如屈原,奧如孟軻,壯如李斯,峻如馬遷,富如相如,明如賈誼,專如揚雄」;又云:「今之後生為文,希屈、馬者,可得數人;希王褒、劉向之徒者,又可得十人;至陸機、潘岳之比,累累相望」;卷五七五〈答韋中立論師道書〉云:「本之《書》以求其質,本之《詩》以求其恆,本之《禮》以求其宜,本之《春秋》以求其斷,本之《易》以求其動,此吾所以取道之原也。參之穀梁氏以厲其氣,參之孟、荀以暢其支,參之莊、老以肆其端,參之《國語》以博其趣,參之〈離騷〉以致其幽,參之太史以著其潔,此吾所以旁推交通而以為之文也」;〈報袁君陳秀才避師名書〉云:「當先讀六經,次《論語》、孟軻書,皆經言。《左氏》、《國語》、莊周、屈原之詞,稍采取之,穀梁子、太史公甚峻潔,可以出入。(中略)其歸在不出孔子。(中略)求孔子之道,不於異書」云云,蓋與昌黎脗合。卷六三五李翺〈答朱載言書〉:「六經之後,百家之言,老聃、列禦寇、莊周、鶡冠、田穰苴、孫武、屈原、宋玉、孟子、吳起、商鞅、墨翟、鬼谷子、荀況、韓非、李斯、賈誼、枚乘、司馬遷、相如、劉向、揚雄,皆自成一家。」卷六八五皇甫湜〈答李生第二書〉亦以「屈原、宋玉、李斯、司馬遷、相如、揚雄之徒」繼「聖人之文」(參觀七二則)。
〇卷三一五李華〈送張十五往吳中序〉:「邯鄲遐叔,風病目疾,家貧不能具藥,爰以言自醫。」按卷三一八〈言醫〉云:「晉侯方圖秦,既而有疾。秦伯使醫和視之,將行,戒之曰:『鄰國相病,大夫何以為行?』對曰:『臣不發藥石,請以詞痊晉侯,而國無害』」云云[41],即此意。
〇卷三一五〈送觀往吳中序〉:「見觀送蘭州兄詩,敬不逾節,情而中禮。(中略)永泰二年四月庚寅,叔父華序。」按元賓貞元八年進士登第,後此二十八年,而韓退之〈李元賓墓志銘〉云:「二十四舉進士,三年登上第」[42],「年二十九客死」,李習之〈與陸傪書〉亦謂元賓「年止於二十九」[43]。則永泰二年衹呱呱一歲兒耳,必有誤,前人未道及此者。
〇卷三一九李華〈荊州南泉大雲寺故蘭若和尚碑〉記「南北教門」、「修行功用」、「人無信根」(「問:『人無信根,如何勸發?』曰:『兒喉既閉,乳母號慟,大悲無緣,亦為歔欷』」)三問,若禪宗公案比語,見之記載者,莫早於此。
〇卷三一九李華〈東都聖善寺無畏三藏碑〉:「突厥之妻,有以手按其乳,乳為三道,飛注和尚口者,乃合掌端容曰:『此我前生母也。』」按《雜寶藏經》卷一:「小夫人於樓上語賊云:『汝是我子,若不信者,張口仰向。』即以兩手捋乳,乳作五百道,俱墜千子口中。」[45]法顯《佛國記》摭取之,《水經注》卷一復加稱引,即此事所祖。贊寧《高僧傳三集》卷二〈善無畏傳〉又本之遐叔〈碑〉文。
〇卷三二一李華〈弔古戰場文〉。按參觀第二八三則論賈捐之〈棄珠崖議〉。「其存其歿,家莫聞知;人或有言,將信將疑」即 Erckmann-Chatrian, Histoire d’un conscrit de 1813: “... et
les pauvres vieux espéraient toujours, pensant: ‘Peut-êire que notre garçon est
prisonnier... Quand la paix sera faite, il reviendra... Combien sont revenus
qu’on croyait morts!’” (Contes et Romans Nationaux
et Populaires, J.-J. Pauvert Éditeur, IV, p. 4)。「秦歟漢歟?將近代歟?」按竇庠〈夜行古戰場〉:「不知秦與漢,徒欲弔英靈。」
〇卷三二三蕭穎士〈與崔中書圓書〉:「承舊愛之故,惠提獎之私。」按卷二一四陳子昂〈為蘇令本與岑內史啟〉云:「然親貴盈朝,豈忘提獎。」
〇卷三二三蕭穎士〈贈韋司業書〉都四千四百六十二字,又長於王泠然自薦書。自言「援毫襞紙,見推疾速。自今月五日始作書,首末千餘言,經半旬乃就,加之筆札,斯亦勤矣。誠知殊翦截之清詞,長謬悠之曼說」云云,蓋自知其曼衍冗沓也。昌黎以前,唐人古文尚不中法度如此!却又張脈僨興,乏漢、魏人游行自在之致。「惟又酒性不多」至「但思臨長風一大叫耳」一節[46],最蕭散有韻度。詞意矜傲,誠所謂「褊介」者,與王泠然、李太白之誇誕者大異。末有云:「挺而走險,何公之門不可曳長裾乎?」太白〈上安州裴長史書〉(卷三四八)亦云:「黃鵠舉矣。何王公大人之門不可以彈長劍乎?」皆本鄒陽〈諫吳王濞書〉:「飾固陋之心,則何王之門不可曳長裾乎?」
〇卷三二五王維〈與魏居士書〉以孔子「無可無不可」牽合之釋氏「等同虛空」,勸居士出仕,斥許由、嵇康、陶潛皆障於事而未明心,非為達道【張爾岐《蒿菴閒話》深非摩詰此數語,云:「見解乃爾!據此而推,《鬱輪袍》非誣也」】,即《維摩詰所說經‧弟子品第三》:「不捨道法而現凡夫事,是為宴坐」(肇注:「小乘障隔生死,故不能和光。大士美惡齊旨,道俗一觀。故終日凡夫,終日道法也」);〈觀眾生品第七〉:「是華無所分別,仁者自生分別想耳!若於佛法出家,有所分別,為不如法;若無所分別,是則如法」;《摩訶止觀》卷二五:「在家之人,帶妻挾子,官方俗務,皆能得道」;三祖僧璨〈信心銘〉云:「至道無難;唯嫌揀擇」;釋彥琮〈通極論序〉《全唐文》卷九○五云[47]:「發心即是出家,何關落髮?棄俗方稱入法,豈要抽簪?」右丞謂:「長林豐草,豈與官署門闌有異乎?異見起而正性隱」;《世說‧言語第二》:「竺法深在簡文坐,劉尹問:『道人何以游朱門?』答曰:『君自見朱門,貧道如游蓬戶』」;李華〈潤州鶴林寺故徑山大師碑銘〉《全唐文》卷三二○云:「是法平等。故饋甘味而不辭,同於糗糒;奉上服而不拒,齊於敝褐」;盧簡求〈杭州鹽官縣海昌院禪門大師塔碑〉《全唐文》卷七三三云:「秔稌糗餌,蔬果飴糖。無精粗之分別,無凶札之隆殺」;許籌〈嵩嶽珪禪師影堂記〉《全唐文》卷七九○記元珪謂嶽神曰:「雖娶非妻也,雖嚮非取也,雖柄非權也,雖作非故也,雖醉非惛也。若能無心與萬物,則羅欲不為淫,福淫禍善不為盜,濫誤混疑不為殺,先後違天不為妄,惛荒顛倒不為醉」(《五燈會元》卷二全同,參觀《維摩詰所說經‧方便品第二》維摩詰「雖為白衣」一節,〈佛道品第八〉「行於非道是為通達佛道」一節);《五燈會元》卷十七黃龍祖心:「愚人除境不忘心,智者忘心不除境」[48]【《五燈會元》卷十七寶覺語:「愚人除境不忘心,智者忘心不除境」】【屠長卿《鴻苞集》卷二十八論「離境修行」與「即境調心」;卷三十七論「真定」引古人云:「凡人除境不除心,聖人除心不除境」,又卷三十五、三十七論「除心不除境」】【Montaigne, Essais, I. 39: “Da le solitude” (Pléiade, pp. 141-2); 《抱朴子‧內篇‧明本第十》云:「上士得道于三軍,中士得道于都市,下士得道于山林」】;卷二十紹悟曰:「朝往西天,暮歸東土,亦是禁足。百花叢裏坐,淫坊酒肆行,亦是禁足。雖然如是,不曾動著一步」;吳昌齡《東坡夢》第一齣東坡云:「溪河楊柳影,不礙小舟行。佛在心頭坐,酒肉穿腸過」【闕名《大劫牢》第四折魯智深:「酒肉穿腸過,佛在心頭坐」】,佛印云:「萬花叢裏過,一葉不沾身」(末二語亦見《度柳翠》第一齣月明和尚語)【The Rape of Lucrece, 1655: “Though my gross blood be stain’d with this abuse, / Immaculate &
spotless is my mind; / That was not forc’d; that never was inclin’d / To
accessary yieldings, but still pure / Doth in her poison’d closet yet endure”
(Complete Works, ed. G.L. Kittredge, p. 1488); Livy, I, lviii: “mentem peccare,
non corpus, et unde consilium afuerit culpam abesse”; Machiavelli, Il Principe,
III. xi, Frate Timoteo a Lucrezia: “Quanto all’atto, che sia peccato, questa è
una favola, perchè la volontà è quella che pecca, non il corpo” (Opere, a cura di M. Bonfantini, p. 1014);
Il Decamerone, III. 8, L’abate alla
moglie di Ferondo: “non vi meravigliate, perché per questo la santità non
diventa minore: essa risiede nell'anima e quel che vi chiedo è un peccato del
corpo” (Hoepli, p. 219)】【又第七九八則論《紅樓夢》第三十一回】,均相發明。【梁元帝〈全德志論〉:「物我俱忘,無貶廊廟之器;動寂同遣,何累經綸之才?雖坐三槐,不妨家有三徑;接五侯,不妨門垂五柳。」】【司馬承禎《坐忘論》。】【《夷堅支‧丁》卷十〈鍾離翁詩〉:「但令心似蓮花潔,何必身將槁木齊?」】【《悟真篇‧上》七言四韻之五[49]:「須知大隱居廛市,何必深山守靜孤」(卷下〈西江月‧之二〉)。】【張功甫鎡《賞心樂事‧自序》:「昔賢有云:『不為俗情所染,方能說法度人。』蓋光明藏中,孰非遊戲?若心常清淨,離諸取著,於有差別境中,而能常入無差別定,則淫坊酒肆,徧歷道場;鼓樂音聲,皆談般若。倘情知物隔,境境逐源移,如鳥黏黐,動傷軀命,又烏知說法度人者哉!」[50]】【《山谷內集》卷十四〈次韻石七三之六〉:「看著莊周枯槁,化為胡蝶翾輕。人見穿花入柳,誰知有體無情」(《外集》五〈春遊〉:「身為胡蝶夢,本自不漁色」)。】【元覺〈答朗禪師書〉(卷九一三,《永嘉集》作〈勸友書第九〉)云:「忘山則道性怡神,忘道則山形眩目。是以見道忘山者,人間亦寂也。見山忘道者,山中乃喧也。(中略)如其三毒未祛,六塵尚擾。身心自相矛盾,何關人山之喧寂耶?(中略)智圓則喧寂同觀,悲大則怨親普救。(中略)是以釋動求靜者,憎枷愛杻也;離怨求親者,厭檻欣籠也。(中略)刼奪毀辱,何曾非我本師?叫喚喧煩,無非寂滅」(卷九一五元朗〈招元覺大師山居書〉有云:「鋤頭當枕,細草為氈。世上崢嶸,競爭人我,心地未達,方乃如斯」);周密《武林舊事》卷十張約齋鎡《賞心樂事》:「昔賢有云:『不為俗情所染,方能說法度人。』蓋光明藏中,孰非遊戲?若心常清淨,離諸取著,於有差別境中,而能常入無差別定,則淫坊酒肆,徧歷道場;鼓樂音聲,皆談般若。倘情知物隔,境境逐源移,如鳥黏黐,動傷軀命,又烏知說法度人者哉」;《後漢書‧逸民傳‧戴良》:「母卒,兄伯鸞居廬啜粥,非禮不行,良獨食肉飲酒,哀至乃哭,而二人俱有毀容。或問良曰:『子之居喪,禮乎?』良曰:『然。禮所以制情佚也。情苟不佚,何禮之論!夫食旨不甘,故致毀容之實。若味不存口,食之可也。』」】【《瑯嬛記》卷上引《禪林實語》記偈云:「世有男女相,此人自分别。(中略)淨淫無差別,即汝妙明心」;Havelock Ellis, Fountain of Life, May 2, 1918 (pp. 252-3): “I remember reading of an
Indian prophet of olden time who wandered about the country accompanied by his
disciples. Early one morning they were aroused by the muezzin from a
neighboring minaret, calling for prayer. ‘The voice of God!’ exclaimed a
zealous disciple awaking the slumberers. It chanced that from one of them as he
roused himself from sleep there broke as it were the sound of wind. ‘And that
also is the voice of God,’ said the Teacher.”】Heine, Die romantische Schule, Buch I: “Es ist
leider wahr, wir müssen es eingestehen, nicht selten hat der Pantheismus die
Menschen zu Indifferentisten gemacht... Aber das ist eben der Irrtum: Alles ist
nicht Gott, sondern Gott ist Alles; Gott manifestiert sich nicht in gleichem Masse
in allen Dingen” (Sämtl. Werk.,
Verlag von A. Weichert, Bd. VIII, S. 165); Bergson, La Pensée et le Mouvant, p. 60: “Peu m’importe qu’on dise ‘Tout est
mécanisme’ ou ‘Tout est volonté.’ Dans les deux cas ‘mécanisme’ et ‘volonté’
deviennent synonymes d’ ‘être’. Là est le vice initial des systèmes
philosophiques. Ils croient nous renseigner sur l’absolu en lui donnant un nom.
Le mot peut avoir un sens défini quand il désigne une chose; il le perd dès que
vous l’appliquez à toutes choses. Mais plus vous augmenterez l’extension du
terme, plus vous en diminuerez la compréhension. Quand le mot en vient à
désigner tout ce qui existe, il ne signifie plus que l’existence.”[51] 無揀擇論之敗缺弊病,盡此二家之說。又雖然羅什娶妻,寶誌食鱠,正未許《清異錄》卷一〈釋族門〉所記「烟粉釋迦」、「有房室如來」、「豬羊鷄鴨三昧正受」諸惡僧藉口。否則如《水滸》第五回魯智深自言「不忌葷酒,遮莫甚麼渾清白酒,都不揀選,牛肉狗肉,但有便吃」;第四十五回寫海闍黎「草庵中去覓尼姑,方丈內來尋行者」,皆得為無揀擇大道矣!右丞此〈書〉末自言「年且六十」,豈渾忘三數年前凝碧池頭情景耶?受署偽官,殆亦平等觀,而不起異見耶?〈謝除太子中允表〉、〈責躬薦弟表〉(卷三二四)皆自愧陷賊偷生,正其笑淵明所謂「終身慙」者也。駟不及舌,幾乎恬不知恥矣!參觀五一四則論《龜山先生集》卷十二《語錄》。又按右丞臨賊時情事,卷三二六〈大唐故臨汝郡太守贈秘書監京兆韋公斌神道碑銘〉中自述最詳,竊疑詞有夸飾,未必全可徵信,有云:「刀環築口,戟枝叉頸」,卷三二四〈為薛使君謝婺州刺史表〉亦云:「未暇施力,旋復陷城。戟枝叉頭,刀環築口。」【《吕氏春秋‧知分》:「直兵造胷,句兵鉤頸。」】【《日知錄》19:「古來以文詞欺人者,莫若謝靈運,次則王維。」[52]】【吳仰賢《小匏菴詩話》卷一[53]:「讀右丞〈謝除太子中允表〉,涕泣引罪,無諱無飾,此又豈今人所能耶?如……『情雖可察,罪不容誅』、……『豈不自愧於心』、『亦復何施其面』。」】
〇卷三二五王維〈西方淨土變畫讚〉:「稽首十方大導師,能於一法見多法」云云,〈繡如意輪像讚〉:「菩薩神力不思議,能以一身遍一切」云云,皆仿佛經偈語體,前此為釋氏作文所未有也,亦右丞精熟內典之證。卷三五○李白〈金銀泥畫西方淨土變相讚〉亦學此體(「向西日沒處,遙瞻大悲顏」云云),不似右丞之逼肖也。
〇卷三二七王維〈六祖能禪師碑銘〉:「弟子曰神會,遇師於晚景,聞道於中年。(中略)謂余知道,以頌見託。」按《神會語錄第一殘卷》:「侍御史王維在臨湍驛中問和上:『若為修道,得解脫淨,若更起心?』和上答:『眾生若有修,即是妄心,不可得解脫。』王侍御驚楞」云云。
〇右丞駢文輕快調利,一洗縟重之習,與宋之問俱為有詩有筆者,陳子昂不如也。每以成語作對,已啟宋四六,如〈六祖能禪師碑銘〉云:「天何言哉,聖與仁豈敢;子曰賜也,吾與汝勿如」;〈送高判官從軍赴河西序〉云:「舊友拜塵,群公書幣。祁大夫老矣,武安侯問乎」;〈送鄆州須昌馮少府赴任序〉云:「促飯中廚,子不可以蔬食;送車出郭,吾不可以徒行」此類是也。《文心雕龍‧麗辭篇》云:「偶辭胸肊,言對所以為易也;徵人之學,事對所以為難也。」當時以經史成語作對之風未興,故彥和云然。實則如宋人四六所為,正自不易。《煙嶼樓筆記》卷七云:「近世駢文,專效六朝、初唐,鄙宋四六。不知宋四六清空一氣,胸中無萬卷書,而性靈又不能運用之者,不能造其精微。若六朝、初唐,則但費數月光陰,剽掠字句作摘本,便可吃著不盡。」語雖過激,亦足矯枉。
〇卷三三○史承節〈鄭康成祠碑〉。按所載康成〈戒子書〉首句與《後漢書》本傳所傳異一字,《癸巳存稿》卷七有攷訂。
〇卷三三一王昌齡〈弔軹道賦〉:「長林之墟,荒草無垠;躊躇訪古,隱嶙如存。耆老曰『此秦之軹亭也』,莫不隕泣而傷魂。」按大類李遐叔〈弔古戰場文〉發端,惜後段不稱。遐叔〈揚州龍興寺經律院和尚碑〉卷三二○云:「詞人汜水尉王昌齡等所共瞻奉」云云,亦資掌故。
〇卷三三二房琯〈上張燕公書〉:「或議相門重深,賤士罕及。(中略)思所以自奇,圖左右見異,僭用舊禮,獻此琬珪。冀贄列得啟其書,書窮思見其人矣。」[54]按真是以賂干進矣!不識燕公亦返其壁否?次律相門之後,故能辦此。寒士孤窮,無寶可懷,將何以堪?
〇卷三三五萬齊融〈阿育王寺常住田碑〉:「我聞語寂滅者,本之以不生,而菩薩不能去資生立法;談逍遙者,存之以無待,而神人不能亡有待為煩。」按卷一四三李百藥〈化度寺故僧邕禪師舍利塔銘〉云:「涉無為之境,絕有待之累。」「有待」即「資生」,指衣食言。《世說‧雅量篇》:「郗嘉賓崇釋道安德,餉米千斛。道安答直云:『損米,愈覺有待之為煩』」,萬氏碑文語本此。《莊子‧逍遙游》論列子御風云:「猶有所待者也」,郭象注暢論「有待」、「無待」之旨。《世說‧文學篇》劉孝標注述向、郭逍遙義曰:「物之芸芸,同資有待。」然〈齊物論〉記景謂罔兩曰:「吾有待而然者耶?吾所待又有待而然者耶?」不僅出〈逍遙游〉也。《南齊書‧張融傳》:「〈與從叔永書〉云:『世業清貧,民生多待』」;謝靈運〈山居賦〉(《全宋文》卷三十一):「生何待於多資,理取足於滿腹」[55],自注:「人生衣食足,則歡有餘,何待多須」;梁元帝《金樓子‧自序》:「常貴無為,每嗤有待」;駱賓王〈帝京篇〉云:「相顧百齡皆有待,居然萬化咸應改」;陳與義〈對酒〉云:「人間多待須微祿」,雖用莊子字面,已是釋氏假借義,智者《摩訶止觀》卷四所謂「有待之身,必假資藉」是也。「待」即須之意。道宣《高僧傳二集》卷二十四〈靜琳傳〉:「嘗居山谷須粒有待患繁,乃合守中丸一劑,可有斗許,得支一週。琳服延之,乃經三載,便利之際,收洗重服。」[56]
〇卷三三七顏真卿〈張長史十二意筆法記〉:「曰:『補謂不足,子知之乎?』曰:『豈不謂結構點畫或有失趣者,則以別點畫傍救之謂乎?』曰:『損謂有餘,子知之乎?』曰:『豈不謂趣長筆短,常使意勢有餘,點畫若不足之謂乎?』」[57]按「損謂有餘」微言精理,即心理學所謂「孕蘊」(Prägnanz) 是也 (參觀 Fr. Dorsch, Psychologisches
Wörterbuch, 6te rev. Aufl. 1959, S. 238-9)。近人 E.H. Gombrich 以之論畫:“The artists could only achieve their
aim by shifting something of the load of creation on to the beholder... The
more vital the feature that is indicated by the context & yet omitted, the
more intense seems to be the process that is started off”[58]
etc. (“Meditations on a Hobby Horse”, in Morris Philipson ed., Aesthetics Today, “Meridian Books”, p.
125),不謂八法亦有斯境。其在詩文,則所謂「神韻」也,「隱秀」也,「消納」也,「此物此志」也。《談藝錄》二三五頁、三七二至三七三頁已有論述[59],兹復補徵數則:《筆乘》卷三載鄭善夫批點杜詩一條云:「詩之妙處,正在不必說到盡,不必寫到真,而其欲說欲寫者,自宛然可想而又不可道,斯得風人之義。杜公往往要到真處盡處,失之」;《海峯文集》卷一〈論文偶記〉云:「文貴遠,遠必含蓄。或句上有句,或句下有句.或句中有句,或句外有句,說出者少,不說出者多。昔人論畫曰:『遠山無皴,遠水無波,遠樹無枝,遠人無目。』此之謂也」;Aristotle, Poetics, XXVI: “Tragedy attains its end with greater economy of
length. What is concentrated is always more effective than what is spread over
a long period... The epic... seems thin & diluted” (“The Loeb Classical
Library”, p. 115); Servius, Ad Aen., I.
683: “Artis poeticae est non omnia dicere” (quoted in T.R. Glover, Greek Byways, p. 195); Muratori, La Perfecta Poesía, Lib. II, cap. 10: “Oltre all’eloquenza in parlare... dovrebbe
ancor studiarsene un altra, che può chiamarli eloquenza in tacere”。又按見 T.C. Pollock, The Nature of Literature, pp. 119 ff. 論 “Another evocative characteristic of
words is... to arouse the ‘imaginative cooperation’ of the reader”,亦引 J.H.W. Atkins 書而云:“This general principle is not limited
to experiences verbally stimulted. An investigation conducted by Mr. B.
Zeigarnik (‘Über das Behalten von erledigten und unerledigten Handlungen’)
proves that subjects recalled the tasks which they had attempted but not
completed much better than tasks which they had completed (summarized in K.
Koffka, Prin. of Gestalt Psychology,
pp. 334-41)”。則 Burke, On the Sublime & Beautiful, Pt. II, Sect. 11 (ed. J.T. Boulton,
p. 104): “In unfinished sketches of drawing, I have often seen something which
pleased me beyand the best finishing!” 參觀 Andre Chaste: “Le
Fragmentaire, l’Hybride et l’Inacheve” (J.-A. Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth, hrsg., Das unvollendete als künstlerische Form,
S. 83 ff.)。餘見第二二○則 Fragmenta choliambica, Proverb 4、第七五八則論蘇軾〈雨中花慢〉、第七七七則補。
〇卷三三七顏真卿〈與李太保帖〉,按見第五百一則;〈寒食帖〉,按見一五三又四一○則。
〇卷三三八顏真卿〈撫州南城縣麻姑山仙壇記〉:「自言接待以來,見東海三為桑田。(中略)壇東南有池,中有紅蓮,近忽變碧,今又白矣。(中略)東北有石崇觀,高石中猶有螺蚌殼,或以為桑田所變。」按《朱子語類》卷九十四云:「嘗見高山有螺蚌殼,或生石中,此石乃舊日之土,螺蚌即水中之物,下者却變而為高,柔者變而為剛。又一條略同,復云:『天地變遷,何常之有?』」《元詩選三集》李溥光《雪菴集‧溫泉》云:「路傍蜆殼遍高原,滄海生桑復幾年?」自注:「川傍多螺蜆殼。」Leonardo da Vinci, The Notebooks, E.T. by E. MacCurdy, vol. I, p. 330: “The petrified
shellfish in the rocks of the mountains as the proof of the fact that the level
of the sea has become lower” (also pp. 332, 349-50, 351-9),世頗稱引,不知魯公此〈記〉已窺其朕矣。又 Voltaire, Dissertation
sur les changements 駁 Buffon 有云:“On a trouvé
dans les montagnes de la Hesse une pierre qui paraissait porter l’empreinte
d’un turbot et sur les Alpes un brochet pétrifié. On en conclut que la mer et
les rivières ont coulé tour à tour sur les montagnes. Il était plus naturel de
soupçonner que ces poissons, apportés par un voyageur, s’étant gâtés, furent
jetés, et se pétrifièrent dans la suite des temps” etc. (Marcel Braunschvig, Notre Littérature étudiée dans les Textes,
II, 6e éd, p. 57)。
〇卷三三八顏真卿〈通議大夫守太子賓客東都副留守雲騎尉贈尚書左僕射博陵崔孝公宅陋室銘記〉:「公諱沔,(中略)為常侍時,著〈陋室銘〉以自廣。」按世僅知劉賓客有〈陋室銘〉耳。
〇卷三四○顏真卿〈有唐茅山元靖先生廣陵李君含光碑銘〉:「初,先生幼年,頗工篆籀,而隸書尤妙。客或賞之,云賢於其父孝威,因投筆不書。」[60]按可則卷二○二孫虔禮《書譜》記子敬與逸少爭名事參觀,過庭斥為「雖復粗傳楷則,實恐未克箕裘,自稱勝父,不亦過乎」者也。
〇卷三四一顏真卿〈朝議大夫守華州刺史上柱國贈秘書監顏君神道碑銘〉。按此魯公伯父元孫也,〈碑〉言其「身長六尺二寸【參觀卷七二三成表微〈崔府君墓誌銘〉】,聰銳絕倫」,而後段又云:「君有五子,皆有才名,春卿聰銳無比」云云,亦文病也。《說唐》中於楊林、單雄信、宇文成都、伍雲召、司馬超、伍天錫、楊義臣、尉遲恭、鰲魚等一概曰「有萬夫不當之勇」或「萬夫莫當」,亦此類矣!
〇卷三四四顏真卿〈和政公主神道碑〉:「又以為死生恒理,先後之間。……噫嘻!於斯之時,以為謔浪,豈悟今者,皆符昔言!」按即元微之〈悼亡〉所謂「昔日戲言身後事,今朝都到眼前來。」
〇卷三四四顏真卿〈殷府君夫人顏君神道碣〉:「君號真定,琅琊人。」尊稱曰「君」,僅見此。
〇卷三四六劉長卿〈湘妃詩序〉:「韓愈〈黃陵廟碑〉曰:『秦博士對始皇帝』云云。」按文房有〈湘中紀行十首〉,〈湘妃廟〉為第一首,此文倘其〈序〉耶?殊失倫類。昌黎〈黃陵廟碑〉末云:「長慶元年,刺史張愉自京師往,謂曰:『丐我一碑石,載二妃廟事』云云。」文房乃引及之,豈老壽至百數十歲乎?此〈序〉必非所作。又按郭茂倩《樂府詩集》卷五十七劉長卿〈湘妃〉前有按語,即此文也。編者誤為長卿文,何憒憒耶?【《潛邱劄記》卷四上:「劉長卿之為盛唐也無可疑,而分劉為中。嘗推其故,蓋髙棅誤讀《中興間氣集》,以中興為中唐,于是所選錢起、劉長卿等二十六人,除孟雲卿外,盡從而中之。此致誤之由,水心猶未核及。至謂『安祿山天寳三載為范陽節度使,六載進御史大夫。劉有〈落第送楊侍御赴范陽充安大夫判官〉詩,詩云:「泣憐三獻玉」,此豈開元二十一年進士,如《極玄集》所云者哉?』亦具眼人也。」】
〇卷三四七李白〈明堂賦〉:「岌嵩噴伊,倚日薄月。」按卷三五九杜甫〈朝獻太清宮賦〉云:「況是蹴魏踏晉、批周抉隋之後,與夫更始者哉」;〈有事於南郊賦〉云:「戰岐栗華,擺渭掉涇」;〈封西嶽賦〉云:「岐梁閃倏,涇渭反覆」;〈天狗賦〉云:「脚渭戟涇,提挈邱陵,與南山周旋」;卷二九五韓休〈許國文憲公蘇頲文集序〉云:「豈惟排終拉賈,駕王超陳而已」;卷二九六呂令問〈駕幸天安宮賦〉云:「拉五帝而軼三王」;卷三一四李華〈含元殿賦〉云:「驅周驟漢」;卷六三一呂溫〈華山酹王景略墓文〉云:「吸涼吞燕,嚼魏含晉」;卷六四○李翺〈祭韓侍郎文〉云:「包劉越嬴,並武同殷」;卷七七六李商隱〈為同州任侍御上崔相國啟〉:「馳湯驟夏,轢漢陵周。」皆本之揚子雲〈河東賦〉之「簸丘跳巒,踊渭躍涇,掌華蹈衰」[61];〈劇秦美新〉之「遂流唐漂虞,滌殷蕩周」;班孟堅〈典引〉之「乃先孕虞育夏,甄殷陶周」等句法。極其觀於卷五六一韓愈〈曹成王碑〉:「剜蘄之黃梅,大鞣長平,廣濟,掀蘄春,撇蘄水,掇黃岡,筴漢陽,行跐汊川,還大膊蘄水界中,披安三縣,拔其州,……標光之北山,𦧟隨光化,捁其州。」【《世說‧品藻第九》:「或問林公曰:『司州何如二謝?』林公曰:『故當攀安提萬。』」】
〇卷三四八李白〈為宋中丞自薦表〉、〈與韓荊州書〉、〈上安州裴長史書〉,干進之作,誇誕已甚。〈宋表〉自稱「不求聞達,亦由子真谷口,名動京師」,〈裴書〉自矜「此則白養高忘機、不屈之跡也」,令人笑來。與「走馬應不求聞達科」(《太平廣記》卷二六二〈昭應書生〉條引《因話錄》)、「銷聲幽藪科」何異?〈韓書〉「天下談士相聚而言曰」兩句、〈裴書〉「詩人歌曰」四句,望而知為太白憑空撰出。計甫草《改亭集》卷十二〈李白論〉譏其上兩長史〈書〉之汲汲求知,詞誇而氣憊,尚未窺其言與行之矛盾也。〈代壽山答孟少府移文書〉云:「近者逸人李白,自峨眉而來,爾其天為容,道為貌,不屈已,不干人,巢、由以來,一人而已。」而〈與賈少公〉云:「辟書三至,難以固辭。白不樹矯抗之跡,恥振元邈之風,混遊漁商,隱不絕俗。豈徒販賣雲壑,要射虛名?以足下深知,具申中款」云云,蓋所以自解其平日大言鳴高也。
〇卷三四八李白〈上安州李長史書〉。按所言事大類《儒林外史》十八回支劍峯醉酒遇鹽捕分府情節。詩人行事亦如印板文字。
〇卷三四九李白〈春夜宴從弟桃花園序〉。按俗本作「桃李園」,參觀《茶香室三鈔》卷十五,文中却言「會桃李之芳園」。又按〈序〉云:「古人秉燭夜遊,良有以也。」王琦注引魏文帝〈與吳質書〉:「古人思秉燭夜遊,良有以也。」是矣,而未求其朔。自是用〈古詩十九首〉云:「生年不滿百,常懷千歲憂。晝短苦夜長,何不秉燭遊?」《隋書‧五行志上》記「周宣帝與宮人夜中連臂蹋蹀而歌曰:『自知身命促,把燭夜行游。』」
〇卷三四九李白〈秋夜於安府送孟贊府兄還都序〉:「我義兄孟子,(中略)雖長不滿七尺,而心雄萬夫。(中略)白以弱植,早飲香名,況親承光輝,恩甚華萼。」按〈與韓荊州書〉自稱「雖長不滿七尺,而心雄萬夫」,此等語,但如馬首絡,處處可移矣!後世以「早飲香名」為「早享盛名」之意,此處則言「早聞大名」也。「名」、「茗」雙關,故用「飲」字。
〇卷三四九李白〈冬日於龍門送從弟京兆參軍令問之淮南覲省序〉:「常醉目吾曰:『兄心肝五髒,皆錦繡耶!不然,何開口成文,揮翰霧散?』」按王仁裕《開元天寶遺事》云:「李白與人談論,皆成句讀,如春葩麗藻。時人號曰:『李白粲花之論。』」
〇卷三五○李白〈壁畫蒼鷹贊〉:「若愁胡之攢眉。」按少陵〈畫鷹〉詩亦云:「側目似愁胡。」又〈贊〉云:「吾嘗恐出戶牖以飛去,何意終年而在斯」;〈金鄉薛少府廳畫鶴贊〉云:「謂長唳於風霄,終寂立於露曉。」參觀第六三一則論洪北江《卷施閣詩》卷七〈張憶娘簪花圖〉。
〇卷三五○李白〈溧陽瀨水貞義女碑銘〉:「歲三十勿移其志。」按銘詞曰:「上無所天,下報母恩。春風三十,花落無言」,即謂其不字人也。司空表聖《詩品‧典雅》云:「落花無言,人淡如菊」,本此而點化之,遂成隽語。前人未拈出也。
七三四[62]
Jottings:
Two more similes for translation
(cf. supra 第四四四則 a propos of Don Quixote, Pt. II, ch. 62: “... el
traducir de una lengua en otra... es como quien mira los tapices flamencos por
el revés” — ed. Francisco
Rodríguez Marín. VIII, p. 156). Victor Hugo: “Traduire, c’est transvaser une
liqueur d’un vase à col large dans un vase à col étroit; il s’en perd beaucoup”
(Littérature & Philosophie Mêlées,
“Reliquat”, éd. Albin Michel, p. 253; E.M. Fusco: “Si è paragonata la
traduzione di un’opera letteraria all’interpretazione di un’opera musicale, che
è sempre individuale al segno (ad exempis) la settima sinfonia di Beethoven,
diretta dal Furtwängler è ben diversa dalla stessa sinfonia, diretta dal
Toscanini. E il paragone sarebbe più calzante se, nell’interpretazione, vi fosse
trasposizione o sostituzione di strumenti: ad exempis l’adattamento al
pianoforte di un’opera concepita e scritta per orchestra, e viceversa” (Scrittori e Idee, p. 578)
— which seems
an amplification of a hint in Schopenhauer: “Sogar in blosser Prosa wird die
allerbeste Übersetzung sich zum Original höchstens so verhalten wie zu einem
gegebenen Musikstück dessen Transposition in eine andere Tonart”[63] (Parerga und Paralipomena, Kap. 25, §
299, Sämtl. Werk., hrsg. P. Deussen, Bd.
V, S. 627). Cf.《朱文公集》卷四三〈答吳公濟〉[64].【Ch. Morgenstern’s
epigram “Der Mittelmässig Übersetzer Rechtfertigt Sich”: “Wähle saure Mienen /
draussen oder daheim. / Du kannst nur einem
Herrn dienen, / dem Original oder dem Reim. // ... // Lasst alle
Überschätzungen. / So spricht der Gerechte: / Es gibt nur schlechte
Übersetzungen / und weniger schlechte” (Epigramme
und Sprüche, R. Piper & Co. Verlag, 1921, S. 45).】
Ch. Fr. Hebbel: “Tändelei”: “Ich
schante dir ins Auge schnell, / Du bliektest gar zu mild, / und lieblich soh
ich, klar und hell, / Darin mein eignes Bild. // In eine wunderbare Flut / Von
Farben war’s getaucht, / Von Licht und Glanz die Zauberglut / Darüber
hingehaucht. // Da wurde dir das Auge feucht, / Und perlenklar und rein / Trat
eine Thräne, schnell erzeugt, / Licht in das Licht hinein. // Mein Bild, als
wär’s mit Flut und Wind / Es kämpfte frei und frank / Mit Deiner Thräne, bis es
lind / In ihrem Schooss versank. // So Dir im Auge, wundersam, / Sah ich
mich selbst entstehen,
/ Und, als die stille Thräne kam, / Noch schöner mich vergehn!” (Werke, hrsg. Theodor Poppe, Iter
Teil, S. 75). An ingenious elaboration of the theme “To look babies in the eyes”
(cf. Longinus, On the Sublime, iv, “The Loeb Classical Library”, p. 135,
quoting Xenophon: “as modest as the maidens in their eyes” & Timaeus: “had
he not harlots instead of maidens in his eyes?”; Sterne coined the phrase “lambent
pupilability” — Tristram Shandy, Bk.
V, ch. 1; Jeremy Taylor, The Golden Grove,
ed. Logan Pearsall Smith, p. 99: “stare upon each others faces, & look
babies in one anothers eyes”); “Licht in das Licht hinein” is especially a feat
of keen observation. Cf. 第一一六則 for an approximate conceit in Chinese
poetry. Cf. Benjamin Neukirch: “Auf ihre Augen”: “Ja, wenn ein ander sich in
schwarzen augen siehet / Und meynet, dass
er schon im feur und hölle steh, / So denck ich / wann mein bild aus euren
äpffeln blühet, / Dass ich auff erden mich in einem himmel she” (Max Wehrli, Deutsche Barocklyrik, 3te
Auf., S. 79; on S. 78 the beloved’s eyes are described as “ihr himmelblauen
Augen”). Cf. Donne: “Witchcraft by a Picture”: “I fixe mine eye on thine, &
there / Pity my picture burning in thine eye, / My picture drown’d in a
transparent teare, / When I look lower I espie”; & “The Extasie”: “And
pictures in our eyes to get. / Was all our propagation” (Complete Poetry & Selected Prose, ed. John Hayward, pp. 33
& 38). The first poem offers a close parallel to Hebbel’s.
Hebbel: “Das
grösste
Hindernis”: “Was den Menschen am meisten in Kunst und Leben zurück hält? / Dass
er auf Brücken sich gern ewige Wohnungen baut” (Ib., S. 176). Cf.《莊子‧天運》on “蘧廬”;《妙法蓮華經‧化城喻品第七》;《中阿含》五十四《阿梨吒經》“筏喻”[65];《上蔡語錄》卷中:“學者纔少有所得便住”, “佛家有小歇塲大歇塲”; Kant, Krit. d. rein. Vernunft, “Vorrede zur ersten Ausgabe”: “... die Skeptiker,
eine Art Nomaden, die allen beständigen Anbau des Bodens verabscheuen...”
(hrsg. Benno Erdmann, 6ste rev. Aufl., S. 6); supra 第四九則 on Jean Paul,
Vorschule der
Ästhetik, II. §9; 四八九則Wackenroder; A. Kazin & D. Aaron, Emerson: A Modern Anthology, p. 66 (see 上頁[66]). Arthur Schnitzler speaks of the
escape into a system: “eine Flucht ins System aus der friedlosen Vielfältigkeit
der Einzelfälle” (Flucht in die Finsternis, Berlin, 1931, p. 172); “Jedes
system [ist] eine Flucht aus der bewegten Fülle der Erscheinungen in die
Marionettenstarre der Kategorien” (Der Weg
ins Freie, in Gesam. Werk., 1922,
Berlin, Erzählende Schriften, Bd.
III, S. 365). Erwin Panofsky is wary of “the boa constrictor”, the system-making
aesthetic philosophy (TLS, 15 June,
1984, p. 652).【Emerson: “A classification or
nomenclature used by the scholar only as a memorandum of his
last lesson in the laws of Nature, & confessedly a make-shift, a bivouac
for a night, & implying a march & a conquest tomorrow
— becomes
through indolence a barrack & a prison, in which the man sits down
immovably, & wishes to detain others” (A. Kazin & D. Aaron ed., Emerson: A Modern Anthology, p. 67);《老子》三十五章:“樂與餌,過客止”;《妙法蓮華經‧化城喻品第七》卷二十:“導師……以方便力,於險道中,過三百由旬,化作一城,告眾人言:汝等勿怖,莫得退還,今此大城,可於中止,……快得安隱。……是時疲極之眾,心大歡喜,……前入化城,生已度想,生安隱想。爾時導師……即滅化城,語眾人言:汝等去來,寶處在近。向者大城,我所化作,為止息耳”; 卷二十一:“佛知是心,怯弱下劣,以方便力,而於中道,為止息故,說二涅槃” etc.】【[補 Hebbel, S. 176[67]]This recalls the saying ascribed to Jesus by the Great Mogul Akbar as
inscribed on the gateway of the ruined city Futtey-pore-Sikri
in India: “Jesus had said: ‘The world is but a bridge, over which you must
pass, but must not linger to build your dwelling’” (Resch, Agrapha, p. 292, quoted in W.A. Oldfather’s note to Epictetus, Discourses, Bk. II, ch. 23 on man “not
travelling to this world but through it”, Loeb Classical Lib., I, p.
417).) Nietzsche, Also sprach Zarathustra,
Vorrede, §14: “Was gross ist am Menschen, das ist, dass er eine Brücke und kein
Zweck ist: Was geliebt werden kann am Menschen, das ist, dass er ein Übergang
und ein Untergang ist” (Alfred Kröner ed., S. 16).】
Hebbel: “Die deutsche Sprache”: “...
/ Fand ein Goethe doch Raum in diesen gemessenen Schranken, / Wären sie
plötzlich zu eng für die Heroen von heut? / ...” (Ib. S. 180). Cf. “Die poetische Lizenz”: “... / Nicht, dass ihm [der
Meister] dies und das gelang, / Wird der Gebildete ihm danken, / Nur, dass sein
Geist zur Höhe drang, / Wo man nicht kämpft, nur spielt mit Schranken; / ...”
(S. 205). See supra 第七○三則 on Wordsworth’s sonnet on “The Sonnet”. But Hebbel
also says in “Die Regel”: “Regel, wie gleichst du der Kette, die Benjamin
Franklin erfunden! / Freilich beschützt sie das Haus, doch sie verschluckt auch
den Blitz” (S. 181). Cf. the Romanticist controversy “Genius” vs “the Rules”
& “organic laws” vs “the rules” (M.H. Abrams, The Mirror & the Lamp, pp. 196, 222 ff.); also supra第二○八則 on H. Peyre, Le Classicisme français, p. 219. See
also “Grundbedingung des Schönen”: “Nur vom Überfluss lebt das Schöne, diess
merke dir, Dichter, / Hast du nicht etwas zu viel, hast du mit nichten genug” (S.
182); “Platen”: “... / Eines fehlt dir jedoch, die sanfte Wallung des Lebens, /
Die in ein reizendes Spiel gaukelnder Willkür den Ernst / Des Gesetztes
verwandelt und das im Tiefsten Gebundne / So weit löst, bis es scheint, dass es
sich selbst nur gehorcht. / ...” (S. 186).
Hebbel: “Philosophie und Kunst”: “Ein
System verschlingt das and’re, doch neben dem Shakespeare, / Jung und frisch,
wie der Mai, wandelt noch immer Homer” (Ib.,
S. 181). For the first line, cf. Byron, Don
Juan, XIV. 1: “One system eats another up, & this. / Much as old Saturn
ate his progeny / ...” 2: “But System does reverse the Titan’s breakfast, / And
eats her parents...” (Variorum ed. by T.G. Steffan & W.W. Pratt, III, pp.
410-1)[68].
Science would be more appropriate here than philosophy. Cf. Grillparzer: “Zur
Literargeschichte”: “Die Begebenheiten der Völkergeschichte sind vergangen und
sie zu erforschen und richtigzustellen, ist die Hauptaufgabe des Historikers;
die Begebenheiten der Literar-Geschichte, die Werke der Schriftsteller sind
noch heute da wie vor Jahrhunderten, ja vor einem Jahrtausend. Homer und
Shakespeare stehen vor mir auf meinem Pulte und ich kann jeden Augenblick sie
mir vergegenwärtigen; nicht bloss die Nachricht von ihnen, sie selbst, als ob
ich mit ihnen zugleich lebte” (Gesammelte
Werke, hrsg. E. Rollett und A. Sauer, Bd. VII, S. 133); Hugo: “Le progrès
est possible sur Aristote, il ne l’est pas sur Homère. Le progrès est possible
sur Newton, il ne l’est pas sur Molière... Galilée efface Ptolémée. Michel-Ange ne fait rien à
Phidias” (Litt. et Phil. Mêlées, “Reliquat” éd., Albin Michel, p. 265); Alfred de Vigny: “Aristote, Abélard,
Saint-Bernard, Descartes, Leibnitz , Kant et tous les philosophes se renversent
les uns par les autres et les uns sur les autres. Mais Homère, Virgile, Horace,
Shakespeare, Molière, La Fontaine, Calderon, Lope de Vega se soutiennent
mutuellement et vivent dans une éternelle jeunesse pleine de grâces renaissantes
et d'une fraîcheur toujours renouvelée” (Journal
d’un poète in Oeuv. comp., “la
Bibl. d. la Pléiade”, II, p. 1135-6); Walter Richard Sickert: “You are not to
consider that every new & personal beauty in art abrogates past achievement
as an Act of Parliament does preceeding ones. You are to consider these
beauties, these innovations, as enrichments, as variations, as additions to an
existing family. How barbarous you would seem if you were unable to bestow your
admiration & affection on a fascinating child in the nursery without at
once finding yourselves compelled to rush downstairs & cut its mother’s
throat, & stifle its grandmother” (A
Free House, ed. Osbert Sitwell, p. 8); Northrop Frye, The Educated Imagination, p. 24: “Science... evolves &
improves. A physicist today knows more physics than Newton did, even if he's
not as great a scientist... Literature doesn’'t evolve or improve or progress...”
In spite of Croce’s subtle & even sophistic formula “ogni vera storia è
storia contemporanea” (Filosofia, poesia,
storia, p. 444), Grillparzer’s distinction is valid; perhaps all histories
are “contemporary”, but literary & art history is more “contemporary” than other.
Cf. W.P. Ker’s youthful essay “The Philosophy of History”: “The ordinary
historian is not so much exposed to be confronted & outfaced by his
subject. His subject is all in the past, & much of his matter is only half
articulate. But the historian of art is dealing with things present &
alive. Statesmen & generals are past & gone, & cannot resent their
treatment by the historian; but when the historian is talking about Rembrandt
& Milton, he can never be quite safe. Rembrandt & Milton may walk in at
any moment & put out his little light” (Collected
Essays, ed. Charles Whibley, II, p. [69];
also On Modern Literature, p. 188: “The
conditions & circumstances of it production are historical & belong to
a time of which only a faint & illusory image can be projected by the most
cunning historian. The work itself, however, is present”); Michael Oakeshott’s
thesis is one variation on Croce’s: “History, because it is experience, is
present....; but because it is history, the formulation of experience as a
whole sub specie praeteritorum, it is
the continuous assertion of a past which is not past & of a present whcich
is not present” (Experience & its Modes,
p. 111; as Collingwood explains: “The historical past in the world of ideas
which the present evidence creates in the present” — The Idea of History, p. 154); R.G. Collingwood’s thesis of “history
as de-enactment of past experience” (op.
cit., pp. 282 ff.: “the difference between memory & history is that
whereas in memory the past is a mere spectacle in history it is re-enacted in
present thought” — p. 293; “If I now re-think a thought of Plato’s,
is my act of thought identical with Plato’s or different from it? Unless it is
identical, my alleged knowledge of Plato’s philosophy is sheer error. But
unless it is different, my knowledge of Plato’s philosophy implies oblivion of
my own. What is required, if I am to know Plato’s philosophy, is both to re-think
it in my own mind & also to think other things in the light of which I can
Judge it” — pp. 300-1).
Hebbel: “Grundbedingung des
Schönen”: “Nur vom Überfluss lebt das Schöne, diess merke dir, Dichter, / Hast
du nicht etwas zu viel, hast du mit nichten genug” (Werke, hrsg. Th. Poppe, 1ter Theil, S. 183). Cf. “Platen”:
“Eines fehlt dir jedoch, die sanfte Wallung des Lebens, / Die in ein reizendes
Spiel gaukelnder Willkür den Ernst / Des Gesetztes verwandelt und das im
Tiefsten Gebundne / So weit löst, bis es scheint, dass es sich selbst nur
gehorcht” (S. 186). Cf. 第二○八則 on the classicism as “romantisme
dompté”; Henri Peyre on the neo-classicists: “Leur réserve n’a jamais connu
l’exubérance, leur sagesse pincée n’a jamais éprouve la folie” etc. (Le Classicisme français, p. 219). Cf.
Keats on “a fine excess” as an essential requirement in poetry (To John Taylor,
27, Feb. 1818).
Hebbel: “Goethes Biographie”: “Anfangs
ist es ein Punkt, der leise zum Kreise sich öffnet. / Aber, wachsend, umfasst
dieser am Ende die Welt” (S. 183). Cf. Carlyle’s gibe on Masson’s Milton: “David Masson... has undertaken
to write a history of the universe from 1608 to 1674, calling it a Life of John Milton” (Campbell Fraser, Biographia Philosophica, p. 246).
Hebbel: “Unsterbliche und
Unbegrabene”: “... / So ist Homer unsterblich, und durch den Homer auch
Achilles, / ... / Aber Napoleon stirbt, wofern ihm ein spät'res Jahrhundert /
Nicht den Dichter erweckt, der ihm das Leben verbürgt” (Ib., S. 184). The Horatian theme of “Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona
/ Multi; sed omnes illacrimabiles / Urgentur, ignotique longa / Nocte,
carent quia vate sacro” (Carm., IV. ix).
Hebbel: “Die Situation des Dichters”:
“Andre schaffen, damit sie das Leben sich sichern; dem Dichter / Muss es
gesichert sein, eh’ er zu schaffen vermag” (Ib.,
S. 189). Cf. Benvenuto Cellini’s reply to Pope Clement: “Le gatte di buona
sorte meglio uccellano per grassezza che per fame; così quella sorte degli
uomini dabbene che sono inclinati alle virtù, molto meglio le mettono in opera
quando egli hanno abundantissimamente da vivere” (La vita, scritta, da lui medesimo, Lib. I, cap. xi, ed. Ulrico
Hoepli, p. 104). See supra 第四六一則 on Sorel, Francion,
pp. 123-4; 第六七四則 on 劉禹錫〈養鷙詞〉.
Hebbel: “Ton und Farbe”: “Wo die
Natur den Ton verleiht, da versagt sie die Farbe, / Wo sie die Farbe gewährt,
weigert sie immer den Ton. / Denkt der Nachtigall und denkt des Flamingo, so
seht ihr’s; / Aber das gleiche Gesetz waltet im Reiche der Kunst” (Ib., S. 189). Cf. Lessing, Fabeln, Buch I, “Die Nachtigall und der
Pfau” (Auswahl in 3 Bänden, Veb, Bd.
I, S. 420).
Hebbel: “An die Realisten”: “Wahrheit
wollt ihr; ich auch! Doch mir genügt es, die Thräne / Aufzufangen, indess Boz
ihr den Schnupfen gesellt. / Läugnen lässt es sich nicht, er folgt ihr im Leben
beständig, / Doch ein gebildeter Sinn schaudert vor solcher Natur” (Ib., S. 190). Now we call this
naturalism instead of realism; cf. supra
第七二三則 on the bon mot in Cervantes’s exemplary story
“The Licentiate
Glasscase”. Cf. Havelock Ellis’s remarks on Dorothy Richardson’s novel Interim: “Her observation is marked by a
delicate precision which is nearer to science than to poetry... We know Miriam
reacted to every plate of food & every drink set before her at dinner; we
know how she felt all over her body when she sat in an uncomfortable chair. Yet
whole vast tracts of consciousness, at least equal in importance to these, are
shut out from our view. We are told in the most minute detail all that had
happened at breakfast, & after breakfast we are told how Miriam went
upstairs, & how she passed the little lavatory door, but we are not told
why she passed that little door just when we might have expected her to enter
in. In Miriam’s bedroom, minutely & precisely as so many unimportant
details are set down, we only become the more conscious of the things that are
not set down. In that room, we realise, Miss Richardson has been faced by the
essential facts of Miriam’s physical & spiritual life, & she has failed
to meet the challenge... Here I find a new & exquisite instrument for art
has been created, but it is guided by the hand of Mrs Grundy” (Fountain of Life, July 14, 1919,
pp.287-9). Apparently, Dorothy Richardson still retained some gebildeter Sinn
& shied away from certain details. It is reserved for James Joyce to fill
the “blank” which, as Ellis says, “the minuteness of the record itself serves
to emphasize” (see, e.g., Ulysses, “The Modern Library”, pp. 67-9 on Bloom “Asquat
on the cuckstool”, “calm above his own rising smell” etc.; cf. also the passage
on Marianne’s bedroom in Wilhelm Meisters
Lehrjahre, Buch I, Kap. xv, quoted in supra
第二四三則). Cf. D.H. Lawrence: “The Novel”: “If in the midst
of the Timaeus, Plato had only paused to say: ‘And now, my dear
Cleon — (or whoever it was) — I have a bellyache, & must retreat to the
privy: this too is part of the Eternal Idea of man’, then we never need have
fallen so low as Freud” (Sex, Literature,
& Censorship, ed. Henry T. Moore, p. 67).
Hebbel: “Der Genius”: “immer in
tausend Köpfen, der Genius wohnt nur in Einem, / Und die unendliche Welt
wurzelt zuletzt doch im Punkt. / Nicht durch Stimmenmehrheit sind Himmel und
Erde entstanden, / Nie auch ein grosses Gedicht oder ein ewiges Bild” (Ib., S. 197). Cf. Hugo: “Deux auteurs
perdent souvent, en le mettant en commun, tout le talent qu'ils pourraient
avoir chacun séparément... Les auteurs excellents, anciens et modernes, .ont
toujours travaillé seuls, et voilà pourquoi ils sont excellents” (Litt. et Phil. Mêlées, pp. 67-8); F.M.
Colby: “Whenever a genius is needed, democracy appoints a committee” (Imaginary Obligations, p. [70]).
The ideal of perfection can be self-stultifying & suicidal, cf. Lichtenberg:
“Die letzte Hand an sein Werk legen, das heisst verbrennen”[71]; “L’idéal
est la voix qui dit ‘Non’ aux choses et aux êtres comme Méphistophélès”, as
Amiel has well said (quoted in Guyau, L’Art au point de vue sociologique, p.
77); “‘La perfezione non è di questo mondo’, dice il proverbio... se non
è di questo
mondo, è chiaro che la perfezione non è
di nessun mondo concepibile, ossia è un’ idea astratta, e l’astratto è
l’irreale... E quei segni sono le paucae
maculae, alle quali rassegnarsi in omero e in qualsiasi altro poeta; la
materia ‘sorda a rispondere’ al travaglio dell’artista, che vorrebbe che essa
gli rispondesse sempre a pieno; gli sgraffi e le ammaccature, le amorose ferituzze,
che altri poeti confessano di aver riportate nella lotta a corpo a
corpo per la conquista della Bellezza (‘si volge Ella e ripugna!’).... Disgraziato
chi non sente lo stimolo della perfezione, che è lo stimolo stesso del fare,
del fare conseguendo il fine, del perficere;
ma folle chi vuol prendere l’assicurazione dell’impossibile, cioè che il fine sarà conseguito
a pieno in ogni quisquilia, e converte una benefica e
feconda tendenza,
e un alto imperativo, in una sterile malinconia e fissazione, in una paralisi
della vita, nella imperfezione della perfettissima perfezione... E
l’imperfezione tollerabile, l’imperfezione alla quale conviene rassegnarsi, è
quella che si attacca all’esistente, e non è già l’inesistente che si spaccia
per esistente” (Frammenti di etica,
ed. 1922, pp. 113, 114, 117, 118; cf. La
Poesia, 5a ed., p. 92 ff.).【Cf. Novalis, Fragmente, IV, §411: “Ein absoluter
Trieb nach Vollendung und Vollständigkeit ist Krankheit, sobald er sich
zerstörend und abgeneigt gegen das Unvollendete, Unvollständige zeigt” (Schriften, hrsg. J. Minor, Jena, 1923,
Bd. III, S. 9).】Maître Frenhofer endeavor to create a
masterpiece, in Balzac’s Le chef-d’oeuvre
inconnu, which results only in “un pied délicieux, un pied vivant!” (La Comédie humaine, “La Bibliothèque de
la Pléiade,”, T. XI, p. 412), may serve as an apt illustration of “la
imperfezione della perfetissima perfezzione” (cf. Félix Davin in his
Introduction to Études philosophiques, in the same vol., p. 218: “Le chef-d’oeuvre inconnu nous montre l’art
tuant l’oeuvre”); cf. Zola on Claude Lantier in his L’oeuvre: “Ce ne sera pas un impuissant, mais un créateur à
l’ambition trop large, voulant mettre toute la nature sur une toile et qui en
mourra” (quoted in P. Audiat, La
Biographie de l’oeuvre littéraire, p. 181). Hermann Bloch’s Der Tod des Vergil is really a variation
on the same theme (cf. Albert Fuchs’s essay on this novel in Benno von Wiese,
ed., Der Deutsche Roman, Bd. II, S.
337: “So wird Dichtung zur ‘seltsamsten aller menschlichen
Tätigkeiten,
der einzigen, die der Todeserkenntnis dient.’... Doch sie klingen nur im ‘ungesagten’
auf dort, wo die Sprache ‘den atembeklemmendeten, atemranbenden
Sekundabgrund
zwischen den Worten aufreisst, um todesahnend und lebensumspaund, ... Stumm
geworten, die Ganzheit des Alles zu zeigen.’... Die Aufgabe, sagt er [Vergil]
sich, war ‘für seine gewasen’; ‘vielleicht eigneten sich die Mittel der
Dichtkunst hier zür überhaupt nicht’”). “Balzac’s Le chef-d’oeuvre inconnu made a deep impression on Marx because it
was in part a description of his own feelings (S.S. Prawer, Karl Marx, p. 367, quoting Karl Marx: Reminiscences, by Paul
Lefargue & Wilhelm Liebknecht, N.Y., p. 16); again, p. 373. Dante’s idea (“come
forma non s’accorda / molte fiate a l’intenzion de l’arte, / perch’a risponder
la materia è sorda”[72], Par. I. 127-9, La Divina Commedia, ed. Sapegno, p. 794; cf. XIII, 73-8, p. 954 for
the reverse side of the medal: “Se fosse a punto la cera dedutta / ... / ma la
natura la dà sempre scema, / similemente operando a l’artista / ch’a l’abito de
l’arte ha man che trema”[73])
is reminiscent of Plotinus, Enn., I.
vi. 2: “All shapelessness whose kind admits of pattern & of form, as long
as it remains outside of Reason & Idea, has not been entirely mastered by
Reason, the matter not yielding at all points & in all respects to Ideal Form,
is ugly by that very isolation from the Divine Thought” (The Essence of Plotinus, ed. By Grace H. Turnbull, based on Stephen
MacKenna’s tr., p. 43); this has been made the key to Michelangelo’s many non finiti (see J.A. Schmoll gen. Eisenwerth,
ed., Das unvollendete als künstlerische
Form, S. 48, 57-8, 71; Robert J. Clements, Michelangelo’s Theory of Art, pp. 37-8). Cf. 五二四則 quoting Veuillot on the Bohemians, 六○八則 on Pliny, Hist.
Nat., XXXIV. 19.
七三五[74]
續七三三則:
《全唐文》卷三五二胡交〈修洛陽宮記〉甚肅括安雅,整而不儼,氣度雍容,在爾時名輩之上。結尤見筆力。惜衹存此一篇,「一枚棗子難泡茶」者也語見焦弱侯編《升菴外集》卷七七論夏侯審[75]。卷三五八吳保安〈與郭仲翔書〉、郭仲翔〈與吳保安書〉,蒼摯曲達,正不以偶有儷語為嫌,亦非當時名家所辦。二人均各傳一篇,與胡交同。吳、郭事詳見《太平廣記》卷一六六引《紀聞》,《全唐文》所采二〈書〉即出於此。
〇卷三五二樊衡〈為幽州長史薛楚玉破契丹露布〉:「然後頓軍休士,大閱俘實。約生級羊、馬、駝、驢、器械,都獲三十餘萬口匹頭數。」按下文云:「所斬丁將豪健,暴骸相藉者,亦三萬餘級」;又云:「羊十六萬口、牛四萬頭、馬四萬匹、車五十乘,並生級除留堪進九千人以上。」又〈河西破蕃賊露布〉云:「斬首三千級,生俘千餘人、牛、馬、羊、駝八萬餘頭」;又云:「斬首千餘,俘囚二百餘人,獲牛馬羊駝共三千餘頭匹、器械新物一萬餘事。」俘者曰「生」,死者曰「級」,合言曰「口」,正頭數,却分屬之羊、馬、駝、驢、器械,字法甚奇,略具 “versus rapportati”, “Rapportés”, “die
Wechselsätze”, “la correlazione”, “correlative distribution” 之法矣 (參觀 E.R. Curtius, Europäische Literatur und Lateinisches Mittelalter, 2te
Aufl., S. 290; H. Morier, Dict. de
Poétique et de Rhétorique, pp. 338-342; Fritz Strich: “Der lyrische Stil
des 17ten Jahrhunderts”, in Abhandlungen
zur deutschen Literatur, Franz Muncker zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, S.
38; Riccardo Massano: “Sulla Tecnica e sul Linguaggio dei lirici marinisti”, in
La Critica stilistica e il Barocco
letterario: Atti del secondo congresso internazionale di studi italiani, p.
298; L.P. Wilkinson, Golden Latin Artisty,
quoted in New Statesman, 13 Dec.
1963, p. 884)。Dámaso Alonso, Pluralità e correlazione in poesia (1971) (examples from Petrarch,
Gongora, Calderon, the French Pléiade, etc. — pp. 9-116, the use of correlation in literature)【each of the columns have a hypotactic structure & together they form
a parallelistic pattern, each of the lines has a paratactic structure, &
together they form a correlation】。又第七○三則、七三八則 (L’Adone,
XX. 98)。【Donne: “Metempsychosis”: “Make my dark
heavy poem light & light.”[76]】【卷二二六張說〈大唐開元十三年隴右監牧頌德碑〉:「元年牧馬二十四萬匹,……有牛三萬五千頭,……羊十一萬二千口。」】【卷七七二李商隱〈為滎陽公賀幽州破奚寇表〉:「面皮一百具,耳二百隻,奚車五百乘,羊一萬口,牛一千五百頭者」;《唐文拾遺》卷三○郭圖〈胡氏亭畫記〉:「得人三十七頭、馬八足」;《敦煌掇瑣‧之十二‧西征記》:「收奪得駝、馬、牛、羊二千頭疋」,又云:「收奪駝、馬之類一萬頭疋」;樊綽《蠻書》卷四:「博牛馬,每一頭匹只許鹽一斗。」《左傳》襄公二年:「齊侯伐萊,萊人使正輿子,賂夙沙衛以索馬牛,皆百匹」,《正義》云:「《司馬法》:『丘出馬一匹,牛三頭。』則牛當稱『頭』,而亦云『匹』者,因馬而名牛曰『匹』,並言之耳。」然《漢書‧傅常鄭甘陳段傳》:「得馬、牛、驢、驘、橐佗五萬餘匹,羊六十餘萬頭。」】【《舊唐書‧柳登傳》:「弟冕,奏置萬安監牧,於泉州界……悉索部內馬五千七百匹、驢、騾、牛八百頭、羊三千口,以為監牧之資。」】【陸佃《陶山集》卷四〈辭免資善堂修定說文成書賜銀絹狀〉:「特降獎諭,賜銀絹五十匹兩者」;呂祖謙《東萊集》卷二〈進所編文海賜銀絹謝表〉:「宣諭聖旨,以臣所編《文海》精當,賜銀絹三百疋兩者。」】【《兒女英雄傳》第五回:「只聽𡃒、噯呀、咕咚、鐺鎯鎯,三個人裏倒了一個」(「𡃒」,彈子聲;「噯呀」,和尚叫聲;「咕咚」,倒地聲;「鐺鎯鎯」,銅盆失手聲)。】【《越縵堂日記》卷三十光緒四年十月〈與某書〉疑即袁爽秋云:「〈文儒吟〉云:『文儒經世韓孟縣孫容城顧崑山,道法中行老苦縣管潁上朱新安。』韓之行業與孫、顧絕不同,至以朱子與老、管並言,則非三代後人所知矣!詩中自加句讀,似以『文』指韓,『儒』指孫,『經世』指顧,『道』指老,『法』指管,『中行』指朱,則自古未聞有此句法。」按即 “versus rapportati”。《左傳》定公四年[77]「楚人為食,吳人及之,奔,食而從之」乃「楚人為食,奔;吳人及之,食而從之。」後省主詞,即以前之主詞順次分屬,亦 “correlazione” 也。裴說〈懷素臺歌〉:「杜甫李白與懷素,文星酒星草書星。」《馮注蘇詩》卷四十四〈次韻鄭介夫〉:「孤雲倦鳥空來往,自要閒飛不作霖」,《五注》趙云:「『閒飛』以言『倦鳥』,『不作霖』以言『孤雲』」(兼 correlazione 與 chiasmus)。】【Thomas Flatman: “The Bachelor’s Song”: “The vermin,
the thief, & the Tory in vain / Of the trap, of the jail, of the quagmire
complain” (G. Saintsbury, Minor Caroline
Poets, III, p. 342).
此例知者較少。】
〇卷三五四敬括〈建木賦〉:「廣都有建木焉,大五千圍,生不知始;高八千尺,仰不見顛。」按少陵〈古柏行〉云:「蒼皮溜雨四十圍,黛色參天二千尺」,《夢溪筆談》卷二十三遂有「無乃太細長」之嘲,叔弓此作庶幾免夫。
〇卷三五七高適〈皇甫冉集序〉。按宋人如楊誠齋等為人撰詩序,每摘句類詩話,其體實昉自達夫此篇。劉夢得〈澈上人文集序〉(卷六○五)、白樂天〈劉白唱和集解〉(卷六七七)亦皆於結處摘兩聯而稱之。孟賓子〈碧雲集序〉(卷八七二)通篇摘句至二十六次,全類詩話。屈蟠〈析疑論序〉(卷九○二)序釋子闡述佛理之書,亦標舉佳句。如白樂天〈沃州山禪院記〉(卷六七六)、皮日休〈郢州孟亭記〉(卷七九七),更以詩話入碑版矣。達夫〈序〉有云:「於詞場為先輩,推錢郎為伯仲。」乃標舉大歷十才子耶?又不似弘獎後輩語氣。此文或非達夫所為,誤掛名耳。卷三八八獨孤及〈唐故左補闕安定皇甫公集序〉亦序冉詩,有云:「沈、宋既歿,而崔司勳顥、王右丞維復崛起於開元、天寶之間。得其門而入者,當代不過數人,補闕其人也。」則茂政為達夫後進可見。
〇少陵文機調蹇澀,遜太白之流暢,而每語不猶人,生動奇險,舍第七三三則論太白〈明堂賦〉所舉外,如卷三五九〈朝獻太清宮賦〉之「上穆然注道為身,覺天傾耳」(參觀同卷〈有事於南郊賦〉之「天子蒼然視於無形,澹然若有所聽」;〈封西嶽賦〉之「上意由是茫然,延降天老,與之相識」[78];卷七七九李商隱〈太尉衛公會昌一品集序〉:「金門朝罷,玉殿宴餘,獨銜日光,靜與天語」云云;《全唐文》卷 689 符載〈五福樓記〉云:「耳聞天語,目視鳥背」;李白〈西岳雲臺歌送丹丘子〉:「丹丘談天與天語」);「愁陰鬼嘯,落日梟呼」;「九天之雲下垂,四海之水皆立」;〈有事於南郊賦〉之「馳道端而如砥,浴日上而如萍」;〈朝享太廟賦〉之「園陵動色,躍在藻之泉魚;弓劍皆鳴,汗鑄金之風馬」(參觀〈秋興〉第七首之「石鯨鱗甲動秋風」,又卷四五四李子卿〈昆明池石鯨賦〉:「茸鱗鏤甲,欲動於漣漪;掉尾連鬐,必隨於風雨」,又卷六一二陳鴻〈華清湯池記〉:「以白玉石為魚龍鳧雁,[中略]皆若奮鱗舉翼,狀欲飛動。上甚恐,遽命撤去」,又韓偓〈苑中〉:「金堦鑄出狻猊立,玉柱雕成狒狇啼」);〈鵰賦〉之「杳不可追,俊無留賞」;「雪沍山陰,氷纏樹死」;卷三六○〈前殿中侍御史柳公紫微仙閣畫太一天尊圖文〉「見龍虎日月之君」一節(「仙官洎鬼官無央數眾。陽者近,陰者遠,俱浮空不定」云云,「陽」、「陰」二語,已具 Perspective 之旨),均極刻劃之工,惜偶留斧鑿痕耳。軋茁之體,亦時有之,兹不復拈。卷三五九〈進三大禮賦表〉、〈進封西嶽賦表〉、〈進雕賦表〉雖干進,而無太白江湖叫囂之氣。〈進雕賦表〉尤佳,與卷三六○〈韓幹畫馬贊〉為少陵文中最蒼渾之作。卷三六○〈唐故萬年縣君京兆杜氏墓碑〉,見第六三九則論《洛陽伽藍記》卷二趙逸語[79]。又參觀第七○八則論少陵有詩無筆。又梁玉繩《瞥記》卷六云:「少陵〈封西嶽賦〉:『維嶽授陛下元弼,克生司空』,謂楊國忠也。」【《越縵堂日記補》第五冊咸豐八年三月初七日:「讀少陵〈朝享太清宮賦〉、〈享太廟賦〉、〈有事南郊賦〉,皆郁厚,而〈太清宮賦〉尤佳。一〈表〉亦簡潔。」】
〇卷三七三陳章甫〈與吏部孫員外書〉。按李東川〈送陳章甫〉七古當即指〈書〉中所謂「棄藜杖,脫草衣,若緣籍有誤,蒙袂而歸,亦何面目。」結語云:「聞道故林相識多,罷官昨日今如何?」蓋言得官而罷,況味視不得官等而下之,慰藉之詞也。《更豈有此理》卷二〈譬解解〉云:「東郭有乞兒,行歌於道。或哀之曰:『子服腐矣!』曰:『譬如袒。』『子履敝矣!』曰:『譬如跣。』『羹殘而炙冷矣!』曰:『譬如飢。』『子病矣!』曰:『譬如死。』『子病而死矣,則又何説焉?』曰:『譬如不死。』」可以發明。《法華文句記》卷四引《增一》云富樓那答佛「我當修忍,若毀辱我,我當自幸不得拳毆,拳毆時自幸不得木杖,木杖時自幸不得刀刃,刀刃時自幸離五陰毒器」云云,即此法也。參觀第七七一則論《詩‧陳風‧衡門》。【《列子‧力命篇》(本《戰國策‧秦策三》應侯失韓節):「魏(梁)人有東門吳者,其子死而不憂。其相室曰:『公之愛子(也),天下無有;今子死不憂何也?』東門吳曰:『吾嘗無子,無子之時不憂,今子死,乃與(嚮)無子(時)同(也),臣奚憂焉?』」】【卷三二八元結〈丐論〉:「於刑丐命,命不可得,就死丐時,就時丐息,至死丐全形而終。」】【《履園叢話》卷七:「余見市中賣畫者,有一幅上有題云:『別人騎馬我騎驢,後邊還有推車漢。』所謂將有餘比不足也。」】【Dicta Catonis, IV. 32: “Dum
fortuna tibist rerum discrimine praua, / alterius specta cui sit discrimine
peior” (When fortune at a crisis serves thee ill, / Look at that other who is
served worse still) (Minor Latin Poets,
“Loeb”, p. 618).】章甫存文三首,雖未工妥,頗饒氣勢,〈梅先生碑〉尤排奡,想見「虬鬚虎眉」、「不肯低頭」之狀。高達夫詩有〈同觀陳十六史興碑‧并序〉,亦為章甫作。
〇卷三七三魏顥〈李翰林集序〉自云「始名萬,次名炎」,太白有〈送王屋山人魏萬還王屋〉五言長古,李東川〈送魏萬之京〉當亦是為斯人作也。〈序〉中「文章濫觴者六經」一節,即櫽括太白〈古風〉第一首。
〇卷三七六任華〈與京尹杜中丞書〉。按見第四八八則論唐譯《華嚴經》卷二十一。
〇卷三七六任華〈送杜正字暫赴江陵拜覲叔父序〉:「吾見驥子齠齔之時,愛其神清,知其才清,今果爾也。」即少陵子宗武也。
〇卷三七八王士源〈孟浩然集序〉:「常自歎為文不逮意也。」按本之陸士衡〈文賦‧序〉:「恒患意不稱物,文不逮意。」參觀卷四三二張懷瓘〈書斷序〉:「心不能授之於手,手不能受之於心」;汪容甫《述學‧別錄‧與巡撫畢侍郎書》亦云:「所為文恒患意不稱物,文不逮意。」Croce: “L’intuizione in quanto è, nell’atto
stesso, espressione” (Filosofia, poesia,
storia, p. 204); Bernard C. Heyl, New
Bearings in Esthetics & Art Criticism, p. 33: “Can we always express
what we intuit?”; Guido Morpurgo-Tagliabue, L’Esthétique
contemporaine, pp. 70 ff. 又第四三則、第七三四則引 Dante, Par. I. 127-9;第七五二則論 “Le mot juste”;第七五三則論 Dante, Il convivio, III. 4: “il nostro parlare...
per lo pensiero è vinto” (Opere, ed. Moore
& Toynbee, p. 275)。參觀 Montaigne, Essais, II. 17: “De la Présomption”: “J’ay toujours une idée en
l’âme et certaine image trouble, qui me présente comme en songe une meilleure
forme que celle que j’ay mis en besogne, mais je ne la puis saisir et
exploiter”。【
(Ogden & Richards, Meaning of Meaning, p. 11); “Art may
tell a truth / Obliquely, do the thing shall breed the thought, / Nor wrong the
thought, missing the mediate word” (The Ring
& the Book, XII. 858-60); S. Ullmann, Semantics, p. 56.】
〇卷三七九李抱玉〈讓副元帥及山南節度使表〉:「去年既侵右地,復擾西山。倘至前秋,兩道俱下。」按「前秋」謂未來之秋也。《易‧說卦》「數往者順,知來者逆」,《正義》云:「人欲知既往之事者,《易》則順後而知之;人欲知將來之事者,《易》則逆前而數之」,即此「前」字,與任華〈與庾中丞書〉所謂「豈華才減於前日,而公之恩遇薄於兹辰」適相反。香山〈夢仙〉云:「前期過已久,鸞鶴無來聲」,謂已往也;少陵〈曉發公安〉云:「舟楫眇然自此去,江湖遠適無前期」,謂未來也(張相《詩詞曲語辭滙釋》七○七頁「前期」條知有「已往」、「將來」二解,而不知「前」字之具二解,未探其本)。薛能〈褒城驛有故元相公舊題詩因仰歎而作〉云:「我來已變當初地,前過應無繼此詩。敢歎臨行殊舊境,惟愁後事劣今時。」「前過」即「後事」,即將來。正如「他日」、「他年」亦可做兩解:《論語》:「他日又獨立」,《孟子》:「他日見於王」,少陵〈十二月一日〉第三首;「他日一杯難强進」,皆異日、後日之意,如英文之「another day」、「some other day」也;《孟子》:「吾他日未嘗學問」,少陵〈秋興〉:「叢菊兩開他日淚」,義山〈野菊〉:「清樽相伴省他年」,又〈櫻桃花下〉:「他日未開今日謝」,則謂昔日、昔年,如英文之「the other day」,參觀德語之「einst」,又章行嚴《邏輯指要》十七葉論「自今以來」「來」訓「往」(惜未引《維摩詰所說經‧菩薩行品第十一》:「阿難白佛言:『我從今已往,不敢自謂以為多聞』」)。餘見第七六九則論《說卦》「數往者順,知來者逆。」
〇卷三七九錢起〈尺波賦〉:「將潛甯戚之鯉,半未能容;若流張協之薪,重而才得。」按緊扣「尺」字,已啟後世試帖法門。
〇卷三八○元結〈說楚何荒王賦〉、〈說楚何惑王賦〉、〈說楚何惛王賦〉,次山文中最詼詭之作。〈說楚荒王賦〉尤有瑰瑋之辭,「命造浮宮」,「與仙府比同」,「宮有艎臺揭拔,類擬天都」,「浮浮宮於都龍之漩泠,出洞庭之南渶」云云,大類《薛仁貴征東演義》之「木城」矣。歐公《集古錄跋尾》卷七稱「次山當開元、天寶時,獨作古文,其筆力雄健,意氣超拔,不減韓之徒也」【董逌《廣川書跋》卷八〈磨崖碑〉:「余謂唐之古文自結始,至愈而後大成也」】,又謂其「氣力不足,故文少遺韻」,評騭甚允。李華、蕭穎士等,均不如元之古淡。而語澀調促,有竭蹶矜努之態,乏跌宕頓挫之致。故其於韓公,衹能如勝、廣之於漢高耳。〈說楚何荒王賦〉:「艂堂𦨽房,䑦館艨廊;載戲兒奴妓官、諧奴內臣。」按卷三八一元結〈時議上篇〉:「諧臣戲官,怡愉天顏。」三〈賦〉中皆託為君史答梁寵王語,稱「臣何荒王」、「臣何惑王」、「臣何惛王」,加「臣」未識何意?合之初言「臣楚人也,請說楚人之遺事」二句,當是謂「臣,楚國之何荒王」耳。卷三八一〈與韋尚書書〉、卷三八二〈寱論〉【《全後魏文》卷五十九釋道安〈魔王報檄文〉:「大夢國長夜郡未覺縣寱語里」[81];《五燈會元》卷十清涼文益問僧曰:「江西一隊老宿,寱語住也未?」;同卷龍華慧居[82]:「如來說一代時教,如瓶注水。古德尚云:猶如夢事寱語一般」;卷十四芙蓉道楷:「真如凡聖,皆是夢言」;《大般湼槃經‧如來性品第四之五》:「即於眠中,寱語刀刀」[83];《莊子‧應帝王》:「汝又何帠以治天下感予之心為?」[84]俞樾《諸子平議》曰:「『帠』未詳何字,一本作『寱』。《一切經音義‧四分律》卷三十二引《通俗文》曰:『夢語』,又引《三蒼》曰:『𧧢言謂之寱』」;拾得詩「將錢作夢事,夢事成鐵圍」;《誠齋集》106〈答周丞相〉:「春前偶醉,餘寱語〈憶秦娥〉小詞」云云;《石湖詩集》卷21〈晚步北園〉:「天鏡風煙疑夢事」】定庵《己亥雜詩》「豆蔻芳溫啟瓠犀」一首自注謂以下數首名〈寱詞〉,不知本次山,抑本禪人[85]、〈丐論〉「於刑丐命」一節尤佳,皆有奇思逸趣。卷三八三〈浪翁觀化〉、〈時化〉、〈世化〉三篇已開譚峭《化書》。
〇卷三八一元結〈送譚山人歸雲陽序〉:「有泉石老樹,壽藤縈垂。」按卷三八二〈寒泉銘〉云:「有老木壽藤,垂陰泉上。」[86]
〇卷三八二元結〈自箴〉:「君欲求權,須曲須圓。」按同卷〈汸泉銘〉、〈淔泉銘〉復申此意,卷三八三〈惡圓〉、〈惡曲〉兩篇而大暢厥說。【陸龜蒙〈奉酬襲美苦雨見寄〉:「不然受性圓如規,千姿萬態分毫釐。唾壺虎子盡能執,舐痔折枝無所辭。有頭強方心強直,撐拄頹風不量力。」參觀樂天〈詠拙〉:「從兹知性拙,不解轉如輪。」】竊謂次山文章未臻極致,正緣欠曲欠圓,苦方板平直耳。
〇卷三八二元結〈惡圓〉:「天不圓也。」按孫淵如《平津館文稿》卷下〈釋方〉亦云:「夫方而模稜,君子惡之,故聖人有不觚之歎。自地圓之說行,則重圓而毀方。自歲差之說行,指分秒以求天地之差,忒則小過足以累賢才。吾懼世道人心之去古日遠也。」【孟郊〈上達奚舍人〉:「萬俗皆走圓,一身猶學方。」然《太平廣記》卷二○二〈陳琡〉(出《玉堂閒話》):「留一章與僧云:『行若獨輪車,常畏大道覆。止若圓底器,常恐他物觸。行止既如此,安得不離俗』」(琡乃陳鴻子)。元稹〈胡旋女〉:「萬過其誰辨始终,四座安能分背面。才人觀者相為言, 承奉君恩在圓變。是非好惡隨君口,南北東西逐君眄。柔軟依身著佩帶,裵回繞指同環釧」;白居易〈胡旋女〉:「天寶季年時欲變,臣妾人人學圜轉。中有太真外祿山,二人最道能胡旋。」】
〇卷三八三元結〈七不如〉:「常自愧不如孩孺,不如宵寐,又不如病,又不如醉,有思慮不如靜而閒,有喜愛不如忘其情,及其甚也,不如草木。」按道家、釋家絕聖智、歸冥墨之旨。《詩‧檜風‧隰有長楚》云:「夭之沃沃。樂子之無知」,已導其先路。大似西方浪漫主義 Schiller: “Das Höchste”: “Suchst du
das Höchste, das Grösste? Die Pflanze kann es dich lehren. / Was sie willenlos
ist, sei du es wollend — das ist’s!” (Werke,
hrsg. Ludwig Bellermann, 2te Auf., I, S. 145)。參觀 I. Babbitt, On Being Creative,
p. 51 論 Wordsworth’s primitivism (“to look for one’s illumination
backwards & downwards [the ignorant & illiterate, above all children → the crazy & idiotic → the animals → the plants] [according to E. Legonis]”); F. Florio, Orfeismo della Parola, pp. 75-6 論 Pascoli:“Il Fanciullino” (“c’è il pericolo di
arrivare a dire che i veri poeti sono gli animali, magari gli usignoli”)【Leopardi: “Dialogo della natura e di un’anima” (Opere, a cura di S. Solmi, I, p. 496): “Dunque alluogami, se tu
m'ami, nel più imperfetto [di tutti i viventi, che tengono della pianta]”.
Taine, La Fontaine et ses Fables, p.
174】【Fr. Schlegel, Lucinde,
“Idylle über den Müssiggang”: “Je göttlicher ein Mensch oder ein Werk des
Menschen ist, je ähnlicher werden sie der Pflanze... Und also wäre ja das
höchste vollendetste Leben nichts als ein reines Vegetieren” (Fr. Strich,
Deutsche Klassik und Romantik, S. 89 引)】 。又第七四九則論 Pascal, Pensées。
〇卷三八七獨孤及〈仲春裴胄先宅宴集聯句賦詩序〉:「裴側弁慢罵曰:『百年歡會,鮮於別離。』開口大笑,幾日及此,日新無已,今又成昔。」按同卷〈冬夜裴員外薛侍御置酒宴集序〉云:「既醉,余以箸擊唾壺,扣商而歌曰:『一年解頤笑,幾日如今宵?』」[87]又按獨孤至之文詞較李遐叔為順適,而乏警拔處,儷偶語復增於遐叔。卷三八八〈檢校尚書吏部員外郎趙郡李公中集序〉論文主張宗經復古(「自典謨缺,〈雅〉、〈頌〉寢,世道陵夷,文亦下衰,故作者往往先文字後比興。其風流蕩而不返,乃至有飾其詞而遺其意者,則潤色愈工,其實愈喪。及其大壞也,儷偶章句,使枝對葉比,以八病四聲為梏拲,拳拳守之,如奉法令。聞臯繇史克之作,則呷然笑之」),而觀卷三八四〈夢遠遊賦〉、三八九〈金剛經報應述〉,足見其廻向釋老,糠粃儒術。觀三九○〈舒州山谷寺覺寂塔隋故鏡智禪師碑銘〉,復徵其深究禪學。昌黎以前,有志古文者,惟元次山為釋氏撰文衹一篇卷三八三〈惠公禪居表〉:「於戲!吾漫浪者也,焉能盡禪師之意乎」,亦不倒却儒家架子。遐叔、至之輩,則波靡瀾倒矣!參觀《容齋隨筆》卷三論退之〈送文暢序〉、微之〈永福寺石壁法華經記〉(惜容齋未引李習之〈答泗州開元寺僧澄觀書〉、沈亞之〈送洪遜師序〉為佐證,見卷六三六、卷七三五)、《方望溪文集》卷六〈答程夔州書〉(「凡為學佛者傳記,用佛氏語則不雅,子厚、子瞻皆以兹自瑕,至明錢謙益,則如涕唾之令人嗀矣」[88]),又第七二○則論韓文,又第七三七則論權德輿、梁肅。【姚燧《牧庵集》卷十一〈普慶寺碑〉:「敕命臣燧,臣伏思之:佛氏之言,為書數千卷,博大閎肆。學佛之徒,猶有白首不能遍觀。儒生未嘗夙一經目,雖勦為說,終爾膚近,不能深造其微。故惟如敕所教,惟詩報德」;卷十二〈報恩寺碑〉:「女僧妙德之所創也。……余學周公、孔子之道,而于佛氏之書,蓋未暇也。夫未學其道而為之言,必將有戾,德又女僧也,而志得吾文,余辭之為宜。」】
〇卷三八八獨孤及〈唐故左補闕安定皇甫公[冉]集序〉:「其詩大略以古之比興,就今之聲律。」按唐人詩學門面語,可拈出。
〇卷三八九獨孤及〈招北客文〉(《文苑英華》以此文屬岑參)雖仿《楚辭‧招魂》之體,而意頗與太白〈蜀道難〉相似,歷言「蜀之不可往」,蜀之東、西、南皆不可[89],而結以「蜀之北兮可以往。」曲終奏雅,斯為異耳。
〇卷三九六鄭少微〈憫相如賦〉,憫長卿之納文君也,責其「涼德污行」,至曰:「誾誾烈女,世未乏諸」,令人笑來。李卓吾《藏書》卷二十九云:「使當其時,卓氏如孟光,必請於王孫,吾知王孫必不聽也。嗟夫!斗筲小人何足計事!徒失佳耦,空負良緣,不如早自抉擇,忍小恥而就大計。《易》不云乎:『同聲相應,同氣相求』?同明相照,同類相招,雲從龍,風從虎,歸鳳求凰,安可誣也!」[90]《湘綺樓日記》光緒四年十二月四日云:「偶談司馬長卿、卓文君事。念司馬良史而載奔女,何以垂教?此乃史公欲為古今女子開一奇局,使皆能自拔耳」;陳伯弢《袌碧齋集‧詩話》云:「〈琴歌〉一篇「廝養娶才人,天孫嫁河鼓。一配從從終百年,粉淚蔫花總不語」云云[91],王湘綺作,為余書扇,附記云:『讀史傳,竊疑相如、文君事不可入國史,推司馬意,蓋取其開擇婿一法耳』。目光如炬。侈談『自由結婚』者,盍亦知所本。」湘綺不知卓老先發此論,無足怪者。未以〈外戚世家〉論婚姻與天命一節印證,則千慮一失耳。參觀第七七五則論《史記‧外戚世家》。
〇卷三九六崔令欽〈教坊記序〉:「上不悅,命內養五六十人,各執一物,皆鐵馬鞭、骨檛之屬也,潛匿袖中,雜於聲兒後立」,自注:「坊中呼太常人為聲兒。」按卷一五三劉思立〈劾韋萬石奏〉云:「音聲人作樂」;白樂天〈江南喜逢蕭九徹因話長安舊遊戲贈五十韻〉云:「師子尋前曲,聲兒出內坊」;《酉陽雜俎》卷一〈忠志〉門載錫賚安祿山品目中有「音聲人兩部」;裴延裕《東觀奏記》云:「劉異姬乃聲音人」;劉崇遠《金華子雜編》卷上云:「楊推官弟收拾一風聲婦人為歌姬」,又云:「杜牧之子晦辭忽顧營妓朱娘大哭,瞻曰:『此風聲婦人,員外如要,但言之』」;《唐文拾遺》卷五四闕名〈請當己錢充樂人衣糧奏〉云:「府司每年重陽、上巳兩度宴遊,及大臣出領蕃鎮,皆須求雇教坊音聲,以申宴餞」(《唐會要》卷三四);《舊唐書‧懿宗紀》咸通十三年五月:「決殺殷裕,籍沒其家。殷裕妻崔氏、音聲人鄭羽客、王燕客、婢微娘、紅子等九人配入掖庭」,皆謂歌伎、樂伎也。《癸巳類稿》卷十二〈除樂戶丐戶籍及女樂考附古事〉謂:「營妓亦曰『官使婦人』,亦曰『風聲婦人』,取《古文尚書》『表厥井里,樹之風聲』之義,言各為一市」,引《唐語林》:「牛僧儒謂杜牧曰:『風聲婦人有顧盼者』,又牧子晦辭事[93]:「李瞻曰:『風聲婦人,員外何必為之大哭?』」蓋不知「風聲」即「音聲」,而穿鑿解此爾。
〇卷三九八牛上士〈古駿賦〉:「耳若插筩,顱疑削出。」按上句可與少陵〈房兵曹胡馬詩〉「竹批雙耳峻」參觀,即法語所謂 “les oreilles hardies” (Vie et langage, 1960, Fév., pp. 98-9)。又「轉足生風,籋塵無迹。」按上句不如少陵詩之「風入四蹄輕」之添一曲折。
〇卷四○一趙自勵〈出師賦〉:「桓桓大將, 黃石老之兵符;赳赳武夫,白猿公之劍術。」按庾蘭成〈宇文盛墓志銘〉云:「受圖黃石,不無師表之心;學劍白猿,遂得風雲之志」;〈紇干弘神道碑〉:「受書黃石,意在王者之圖;揮劍白猿,心存霸國之用」;〈吳明徹墓志銘〉:「圯橋取履,早見兵書;竹林逢猿,偏知劍術」;杜牧之〈題永崇西平王宅太尉愬院六韻〉云:「授符黃石老,學劍白猿翁。」【《能改齋漫錄》卷八引《潘子真詩話》謂杜語本庾,而論之曰:「李太白〈贈宋中丞詩〉亦云[94]:『白猿慚劍術,黃石借兵符』」(按王琦輯注《李太白集》卷十一〈中丞宋公以吳兵三千赴河南軍次尋陽脫余之囚參謀幕府因贈之〉注引《吳越春秋》,未知其用開府也)。】
〇卷四○二王灣〈對清白二渠判〉:「未為瓠子之決,欲後桃花之水。」按灣文衹存此一首,李滄溟〈上朱大司空〉云:「春流無恙桃花水,秋色依然瓠子官。」《堯山堂外記》謂其本元人張仲舉詩「舊河通瓠子,新浪漲桃花」,不知唐人先有此對,而滄溟要為後來居上。
〇卷四○二司馬貞〈史記索隱序〉文理不甚通,如云:「故其意難究詳矣。比於班書,微為古質,故漢、晉名賢未知見重,所以魏文侯聽古樂則唯恐臥,良有以也」,承接贅疊可笑。【《史通外編‧古今正史第二》謂《漢書》「始自漢末,迄平陳世,為其注解者凡二十五家,至於專門受業,遂與五經相亞」云云,而於《史記》未道注者。】
〇卷四百三許子真〈容州曾寧縣楊妃碑記〉僅言其「小名玉娘」[95],無玉環在臂之說【玉環在臂見《元虛子志》《茶香室叢鈔》卷三[96]】。蓋太真不特有二夫,且有三父也。有云:「初誕時,三日目不開,夜夢神以手拭其眼,次日目開。」夢者當是母葉氏,而言之一若三日嬰兒自夢而自言之者,令人捧腹。【鄺湛若《赤雅》卷中「楊妃井」條記楊妃事,似曾覩此碑者,而以「玉娘」為「玉奴」。丁國鈞《荷香館瑣言》卷上自繆藝風鈔本《永樂大典》二千三百四十四錄此碑,蓋不知已見《全唐文》也,記作於天寶四載。】
〇卷四○四馮用之〈權論〉甚辯給,有云:「聖人知道德有不可為之時,禮義有不可施之時,刑名有不可威之時,由是濟之以權。其或不可為而為,則禮義如畫餅充饑矣;不可施而施,則禮義如說河濟渴矣;不可威而威,則刑名如治絲而棼矣。」按「禮義如畫餅充饑」乃「道德如畫餅充饑」之訛。
〇卷四○四李丹〈為崔中丞進白鼠表〉:「白虎、白鼠,皆金行之祥也,且獸之大者,莫勇於虎。……前志有之曰:『用之則如虎』云云。」毫不避忌太祖諱。《藝文類聚‧獸部》則并虎而無之。
〇卷四○五申堂構〈唐故內侍省內常侍孫府君墓志銘〉:「公諱志廉,夫人則天水郡君趙氏之女」按卷四○九裴士淹〈內侍陳忠盛神道碑〉云:「夫人上谷縣君成氏,長子仙鶴,次子仙鳳」;卷四八一吳通微〈內侍省內侍焦希望神道碑〉云:「故夫人李氏」;卷六四四張仲素〈內侍護軍中尉彭獻忠神道碑〉云:「夫人長樂郡君馮氏,嗣子希績,次子希昭,次子希貞,次子希晟,次子希晃,次子希慶」;卷七一七崔元略〈行內侍省內侍知省事李公墓志銘〉[97]:「公諱輔光,以良胄入侍,充白身內養。夫人輔氏,有子四人:希晏、仲昇、希暹、希昇」;卷七四七劉瞻〈行內侍省內侍贈左監門衛大將軍劉公墓志銘〉:「公諱遵禮,夫人咸陽縣君田氏,有子四人,長曰重易,次曰重允,又其次曰重益、重則」[98];卷七六四趙造〈中大夫行內侍省內給事員外王公墓志銘〉:「公諱文幹,婚於滎陽鄭氏,有子三人,男曰義仙、義立,女適齊郡史氏」;卷七九○鄭薰〈內侍省監楚國公仇士良神道碑〉:「夫人安定胡氏,有男五人」;卷七九二王孟諸〈唐故軍器使內寺伯袁公夫人王氏墓志銘〉:「嗣子五人。」《癸巳類稿》卷十一〈史記李延年傳書後〉列舉自漢迄明史傳所載閹人有妻子者;《安徽叢書》第三集影印理初攷定本《類稿》并增《史記‧封禪書》膠東宮人欒大,武帝妻以衛長公主,下及宋、明十數人,然於唐衹言高力士、李輔國而已,未及孫、陳、焦等也。田藝蘅《留青日札摘鈔》卷二(《紀錄彙編》卷一八八)云:「石顯、高力士、李輔國、梁師成、趙伯顏不花、吳誠、王瑾皆有妻妾。侯玉以姬白秀贈家君,自言淫謔甚於平人夫妻居室之事,每一交接,則將女人遍體抓咬,必汗出興闌而後巳。其女人每當值一夕,則必倦病數日,慾火鬱而不暢故也。」亦理初所未及引,參觀 Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, II, pp. 9-10: “There can be no
doubt that castrated men may still possess sexual impulses” etc.;又 Mirabeau, Erotika Biblion: “Kadhesch”
節 (L’oeuvre du Comte de Mirabeau,
éd. “Les Maîtres de l’Amour”, pp. 124 et suiv. 即云:“... ne pouvant
jamais se satisfaire, l’ardeur vénérienne dégénère chez eux en une espèce de rage;
ils mordent les femmes qu’ils liment avec une précieuse continuité (Juvenal,
II. 365-379)” — p. 127,即田氏所謂「抓咬」也)。《唐文拾遺》卷五唐德宗〈內侍養子勅〉云:「內侍省五品已上,許養一子,仍以同姓者,初養日不得過十歲」(《唐會要》六五)。諸閹之子,殆即養子耶?
〇卷四○七張仲甫〈雷賦〉。按遠不如卷三六四張鼎〈霹靂賦〉之工於狀物,有云:「其為狀也,則乃聯鼓畾,力士雄雄。」上句本《論衡‧雷虛篇》,金文作
,正象纍纍如聯鼓之狀。《淮南子‧原道訓》云:「昔者馮夷、大丙之御也,電以為鞭策,雷以為車輪」,高注:「電,激氣也,故以為鞭策;雷,轉氣也,故以為車輪。」作者、述者皆妙善體物。阿香雷車之說,良有以也。G.M. Hopkins[99]: “The
thunder musical & like gongs rolling in great floors of sound” (G.F. Lahey,
G.M. Hopkins, p. 155 引).
〇卷四○八趙自勤〈空賦〉。按見第四六則論 Bergson, La Pensée et le Mouvant,
p. 79 說 “le néant”。卷四五八林琨〈空賦〉、卷六二一郭遹〈空賦〉皆遠不如[100]。
〇卷四○八趙自勤〈空賦〉。按不特敷陳「空」、「有」,而能牽合孤妾空牀、貧士屢空等,遂有情致。
〇卷四○八李諲〈妬神頌〉。按參觀《曝書亭集》卷四九〈平定州唐李諲妬神頌跋〉,所云「見於史傳」之事,指《舊唐書‧狄仁傑傳》,實出《封氏聞見記》卷九。《朝野僉載》卷六亦記妬女為介之推妹,有神廟事[101]。
〇卷四二五于邵〈進畫松竹園表〉稱竹有歲寒之操[102],故畫松以竹佐之。卷四二六〈與楊員外書〉云:「嘗當春臺,梅柳動色,思與携手,傷如之何?」可見唐人初尚不以梅與松、竹並列為「歲寒三友」也。朱慶餘〈早梅〉:「堪把依松竹,良圖一處栽」,則〈歲寒三友圖〉矣!
〇卷四三○李翰〈進張巡中丞傳表〉:「而議者或罪巡以食人,愚巡以守死,臣竊痛之。(中略)若無巡則無睢陽,無睢陽則無江淮。(中略)臣少與巡遊,巡之生平,臣所悉知。」按韓退之〈張中丞後叙〉亦謂「蔽遮江淮,沮遏其勢,天下之不亡,其誰之功也」,又云:「亦見其自比於逆亂,設淫辭而助之攻也」,正子羽此文之意,而語氣尤雄猛矣!
〇卷四三二劉寬〈諫中官打人表〉:「適有白身數十人,於金鷄竿下,奪囚崔發,亂打致死。」按卷四六一陸贄〈貞元元年冬至大禮大赦制〉云:「白身人賜勳三轉」;〈貞元九年冬至大禮大赦制〉云:「白身人及諸色應陪位官等各賜勳兩轉」,則布衣無位之謂,如李頻〈送徐處士歸江南〉:「故國又芳草,滄江終白身」;徐凝「一生所遇唯元白,天下無人重布衣。欲別朱門淚先盡,白頭遊子白身歸」;陳陶〈海昌望月〉:「四海尚白身,豈無故鄉羞」;《魏書‧孝莊紀》:「詔白民出身,外優兩階」;〈爾朱榮傳〉:「上書:『六品已下及白民』」;《太平廣記》卷二六一〈王播〉(出《盧氏雜說》:「自外官至內學士三司使,皆有定價。……列肆鬻之。至有白身便為宰守者」。郝蘭臯《晉宋書故》考釋《宋書‧沈攸之傳》、〈鄧琬傳〉之「白丁」即「鄉勇而未隸伍籍」,〈顏師伯傳〉之「白衣客」則參戰而非丁壯者。若卷七一七崔元略〈行內侍省內侍知省事特進左武衛大將軍李公墓志銘〉云:「故公特以良胄入侍,充白身內養」云云,與劉寬〈表〉皆指閹人。徐樹穀、徐炯箋注本《李義山文集》卷三〈為滎陽公進賀冬銀等狀〉(卷七七三):「私白身等」,注引《舊唐書‧敬宗紀》、〈王元逵傳〉皆有「私白」之稱,《新唐書‧宦者傳》:「閹兒號『私白』」;《太平廣記》卷二三九〈杜宣猷〉(出《玉泉子》):「諸道每歲進閹人,所謂『私白』者,閩為首焉」(《新唐書》文即本此);《野獲編補遺》卷三「正德二歌者」條云:「上幸宣府,有歌者亦為上所喜,名『頭上白』。上笑曰:『不知腰間亦白否?』逮上起,諸大璫遂閹之」,可參觀。「白」即「淨」之意,「私」則謂「私處」,非「官私」之「私」也。【唐時未通朝籍者亦謂「白身」,《南部新書》壬所謂「桂府白身判官」是也。《通俗編》卷五引《魏書‧食貨志》「白身」[103]、《唐書‧選舉志》「白身」、《元典章‧選格》「白身人員」,則布衣無仕籍之謂,常語尚如此。《霞外捃屑》卷十引《南部新書》以補《通俗編》,而不知「白身」尚有「淨身」之義,又未引陸宣公以補《通俗編》,故拈出之。】
〇卷四三二僕固懷恩〈陳情書〉:「臣實不欺天地,不負神明,夙夜三思,臣罪有六:(中略)徵兵討叛,使得河曲清泰,賊徒奔亡,是臣不忠於國,其罪一也。(中略)臣不愛骨肉之重,而徇忠義之誠,是臣不忠於國,其罪二也」云云。按全仿李斯〈獄中上書〉自數七罪筆意。《史記‧李斯列傳第二十七》載此〈書〉,反言譎陳長篇文字,莫古於此,所謂 Irony 也,參觀 H. Lausberg, Handbuch der literarischen Rhetorik, Bd. I, S. 302: “Die Ironie ist der Ausdruck einer Sache durch ein deren Gegenteil bezeichnendes Wort” usw.; Henri Morier, Dictionnaire de Poétique et de Rhétorique, p. 217: “... on exprime le contraire de ce que l’on veut faire entendre” etc.。又按懷恩〈書〉有云:「共生異見妄作加諸。」段若膺《經韻樓集》卷五〈與章子卿論加字〉引其語及引《史通‧采撰篇》、昌黎〈諍臣論〉謂唐人用《論語》子貢「我不欲人之加諸我也」云云,義訓皆與《說文》合:「加」者,誣也,譄也。而未引《左傳》莊公十年:「犧牲玉帛,勿敢加也,必以信」,杜注:「祝詞不敢以小為大,以惡為美」,正誣譄之謂。至張文成《游仙窟》亦云:「豈敢在外談說,妄事加諸」,則段氏不得見。《戰國策‧秦策一》蘇秦說秦惠王曰:「繁稱文辭,天下不治」,高誘注云:「去本事末,多攻文辭,以相加誣」;《公羊傳》莊公元年:「夫人譖公于齊侯」,何邵公《解詁》:「如其事曰訴,加誣曰譖」;《穀梁傳》昭公二五年:「鸜鵒穴者,而曰巢;或曰:『增之也』」,范武子注云:「加增言巢爾,其實不巢也」;《三國志‧魏書‧公孫淵傳》裴注引《魏略》載淵〈表〉云:「緣事加誣,偽生節目」,皆足徵漢、晉人以「加」與「誣」連類,而段氏未引。《漢書‧隽疏于薛平彭傳》:「詔責于定國曰:『將從東方來者加增之也?』」《禮記‧儒行》:「不加少而為多」,《正義》:「不加增少勝,自以為多,以矜大也。」
〇卷四三二張懷瓘〈書斷序〉。按詳見第三四八則論《全晉文》卷三十衛恒〈四體書勢〉,又第四一七則論《全晉文》卷一四四衛鑠〈筆陣圖〉。懷瓘〈序〉有云:「或區分而氣運,似兩井之通泉」,「運」字必「連」字之誤。
〇卷四三三張志和存文兩首〈鸑鷟〉、〈濤之靈〉皆倣《莊子》。〈鸑鷟〉風曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎而」;雲曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎者」;雷曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎些」;海曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎且」;火曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎焉」;日曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎歟」;地曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎之」;天曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎只」;空曰:「其孰能大乎吾之大乎哉」九節,皆語助稠疊,亦即學〈大宗師〉:「是自其所以乃。且也,相與吾之耳矣,庸詎知吾所謂吾之乎」;〈駢拇〉[104]:「非乎?而離朱是已;非乎?而師曠是已;非乎?而曾史是已;非乎?而楊墨是已」;〈在宥〉:「意,甚矣哉!其無愧而不知恥也甚矣!」六代以來,解學漆園而頗能肖者始此,向來無人拈出。亦如《史記》中有學《莊子》逼肖處,如〈扁鵲倉公列傳〉中治虢太子一節,尟知之者。
〇卷四三三陸羽〈論徐顏二家書〉:「徐吏部不授右軍筆法,而體裁似右軍;顏太保授右軍筆法,而點畫不似。何也?有博識君子曰:『蓋以徐得右軍皮膚眼鼻也,所以似之;顏得右軍筋骨心肺也,所以不似。』」。按同卷陸羽〈僧懷素傳‧贊〉與此文無一字異,誤附〈懷素傳〉後,宜刪。〈傳〉紀素師書學淵源,皆素師〈自序〉所未載。「抱顏魯公脚唱賊」云云,純乎禪宗習氣,視魯公〈張長史十二意筆法記〉卷三三七:「長史左右眄視,拂然而起」等舉動,更譸張為幻矣!
〇卷四三六殷璠〈河嶽英靈集序〉。按前半與今世此《集》首載〈序〉不同。〈序〉曰:「夫文有神來、氣來、情來,有雅體、野體、鄙體」等語,《全唐文》皆無。〈序〉後有〈集論〉一篇,《全唐文》亦未收,殊不可解。卷四五六高仲武〈紀蘇渙文〉實采之《中興間氣集》卷上,忽摭取一篇,亦不倫不類(卷八二九韓偓〈香奩集自序〉亦節去「余溺章句,信有年矣」一大段,僅存末段)。《唐文拾遺》皆未拈出。
〇卷四三八李訥〈記崔侍御遺事〉。按此乃唐人筆記中載李訥夜登越城樓,聞盛小叢歌「鴈門山上鴈初飛」事。所謂「李尚書」者,即訥也。何得羼入訥自撰文字中?
〇卷四四○徐浩〈書法論〉。按季海此篇佳語都出盜襲,如「虞得其筋,褚得其肉,歐得其骨」云云。「夫鷹隼乏彩,翬翟備色」一節,全取之《文心雕龍‧風骨篇》。又云:「必以一時風流,千里面目」,「千里面目」語,本之《顏氏家訓‧雜藝篇第十九》引諺云:「尺牘書疏,千里面目」,非謂書法也。卷四三二張懷瓘〈書斷序〉云:「及夫身處一方,含情萬里,披封睹跡,欣如會面,又可樂也」,與季海用意正同,似不為書蹟拙者及倩人代者地,何哉?
〇卷四四一蕭森〈京兆府美原縣永仙觀碑文〉:「於是集晉右軍王羲之書,勒《清淨智慧觀身經》,銘碑刻石。」按指觀主田名德也。僧懷仁集右軍書〈聖教序〉及《心經》,僧大雅集右軍書〈鎮國大將軍吳文碑〉,得此道士而三。[105]
〇卷四四三程浩〈雷賦〉:「及夫白日雨歇,長虹霽後,(中略)蓄殘怒之未洩,聞餘音之良久。」按簡齋〈雨晴〉詩「樓外殘雷氣未平」,「氣」字易「怒」字更妙。余讀木玄虛〈海賦〉,最賞其「輕塵不飛,纖蘿不動;猶尚呀呷,餘波獨湧」,以為深得風雖定而水尚壯,如班孟堅〈東都賦〉所謂「馬踠餘足,士怒未渫」者,程賦、陳詩亦同此觀。【《莊子‧天道篇》:「似繫馬而止也,動而持,發也機」,郭注:「志在奔馳」(宣云:「志在馳騖,欲動而強持,發如機迅」)。】【顏延之〈赭白馬賦〉:「踠迹迴唐,畜怒未洩。」】【李秀蘭〈三峽流泉歌〉:「迴湍瀨曲勢將盡,時復滴瀝平沙中。」】【《國朝詩別裁》十四王攄〈呂城病歸〉:「身如枯葉方愁落,心似殘潮未肯平。」】
[13]「卷七」原作「卷十一」。
[14]「日月之不照」原脫「不」字,「日月燈明佛」原作「日月燈光佛」。
[21]「秋風」原作「秋來」。
[28] “metaphorical
polygon” 參見《管錐編‧周易正義‧一六‧歸妹》:「比喻有兩柄而復具多邊」(三聯書局 2007 年版,67 頁);〈老子王弼註‧一二‧三九章〉:「比喻兩柄多邊,故指
(denote) 同而旨 (signify) 不必同」(685 頁); 〈列子張湛註‧六‧湯問〉:「一喻多邊」(779 頁)。
[35] 即「E.
Partridge, Dictionary of Slang, 4th
ed., p. 1033: “Dog’s bollocks: the typographical colon-dash (:–)”... cf. 七三三則眉」一節。
[38]「卷八五五」原作「卷八一(?)五」。
[39]「磨礲」原作「磨瓏」。
[40]「復起」原作「繼起」。
[42]「登上第」原作「發上第」。
[44]「劉捷卿」原作「劉挺卿」。
[46]「臨長風一大叫」原脫「長」字。
[47]「卷九○五」原作「卷九○三」。
[49]「之五」原作「十一」。
[53]「吳仰賢」原作「吳嘉賢」。
[55]「患」原作「為」。
[56]「取足於」原作「取資於」。
[60]「隸書」原作「楷書」。
[63]《管錐編‧全上古三代秦漢三國六朝文‧一六一‧全晉文卷一五八》誤譯此節,云:「叔本華謂翻譯如以此種樂器演奏原爲他種樂器所譜之曲調」(三聯書局 2007 年版,1987-8
頁)。實則叔本華僅以與樂器無關之「移調」(transposition)
為喻,而非「改編」(transcription)。富斯可一節方兼及之。
[65]「五十四」原作「五十五」。
[77]「左傳」原作「左公」。
[80]「毋煚」原作「毋旻」(前者見《全唐文》,後者見《太平廣記》)。
[81]「長夜郡」原作「長夢郡」。
[82]「龍華慧居」原作「瑞鹿遇安」。
[83]「眠中」原作「夢中」。
[86]「老木」原作「老水」。
[88]「不雅」原作「不佳」,「以兹」原作「以此」。
[89]「東、西、南」原作「東、西、北」。
[92]「三九六」原作「三九○」。
[94]「宋中丞」原作「張中丞」。
[95]「許子真」原作「許子貞」。
[96]《瑯嬛記》作《玄虛子仙志》。
[100]「卷六二一」原脫「一」字。
[101]「卷六」原作「卷九」,「介之推妹」脫落「妹」字。
[103]「卷五」原作「卷三」。
[104]「駢拇」原作「應帝王」。
[105]「吳文」原作「□文」。
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