七四六[1]
顧璘像
顧璘《顧華玉集》金陵叢書本。東橋與李、何並世,頗有交誼,所作詩亦七子體之弛隳者。而文則誦說韓、柳,舍卷十五〈王履吉集序〉一首,皆不為澀古,異乎李、何之撰。學則出入宋儒,較李、何更明著。參觀第七百則論《薛考功集》、帝七百六則論《何大復集》、帝七百九則論《鄭少谷集》。
〇卷三〈柬陳宋卿〉:「頗怪陳無己,尋詩日閉門。」按東橋詩中數用唐、宋事,如卷七〈陸浚明再遊金陵〉云:「李白綺裘人競看,謝安歌扇客重開」;〈寄蔡九逵〉云:「未見江湖徵李泌,每勞卿相問王通」;〈送陳九臯還山陰〉云:「摩詰風流兼善畫,嵇康豪宕本忘機」;卷二十三〈送盛箴〉云:「博學蘇明允,多才盛孝章」;卷二十四〈答徐昌穀博士〉云:「舊愛張廷尉,今知鄭廣文」;卷二十六〈答徐昌穀〉云:「揚雄總畏才難敵,王翰還要晩共鄰」;〈和少傅陳留公夏日野莊卧病之作〉第一首云:「艱危周勃安劉後,慷慨温公入洛年」,不能備舉。蓋前七子時,立法尚不苛細也。參觀第六百五十九則論《康德涵集》、七百六則論《何大復集》。
〇卷五〈幽懷〉云:「文章經緯業,制作貴有程。(中略)揚雄强模擬,何啻蒼蠅聲」一;「昌黎文章伯,後代罕儔匹。李杜雖云雄,氣格差甲乙。奈何賦長篇,退讓如自失。(中略)乃知作者苦,窮探極幽密。譬對百戰塲,動靜慎師律。(中略)多畏乃勝人,名家有深術」二。按此二首皆於七子有微詞,譏其輕心易念,高談模擬也。卷十五〈重刻劉蘆泉集序〉云:「夫國朝之文,本取醇厚為體,其敝也樸。弘治間,諸君飾以文藻盛矣,所貴混沌猶存可也。然華不已,則實日傷;雕不已,則本日削。不幾於日鑿一竅已乎」;〈文端序〉云:「文始於六經,正學也。其大壞,乃有六朝綺麗之體,衰宋瑣弱之習。比見楚學諸生為文,率務奧奇,而不知適入於壞。嘗教之讀西漢書矣,懼其學之無本,信之不篤也。至荊學,乃命教授楊奇取《易傳》、《尚書》、《禮記》各數篇,以為準的,次四書長篇,始及於西漢,其究至程、朱諸先生文而止。(中略)若夫《文選》、《文苑》諸書,正詞人中雕蟲之小技,吾方悔其少習」;〈啟介谿公〉云:「辱示〈賀二相新第〉詩,語格精嚴,正燕許的派,海內風雅當為一變。若諸硬語粗氣,附杜門牆者,烏可云被金石哉」;〈寄後渠〉略謂:「屈、莊、荀、賈、太史公皆文詞明直,意味深永。其後韓愈氏獨得其宗,當觀其〈原道〉諸作為的。若〈進學解〉諸文,必其少作,未可論,歐、王、蘇所見甚確。詩則謝靈運倡為刻畫,鑿死混沌,即它日西崑之義山」;卷三十〈會心編序〉云:「由今之詞,道古之道,雖聖哲不易也。(中略)涂子名相,字夢卜遂以所讀韓、柳氏以下文若干首,請刻為編。(中略)余因題曰《會心編》」;卷三十二〈贈別王道思序〉云:「余稱其試文,乃蹙然曰:『公罔某耶?某初學文,好擬古,最先六經語,已而學左氏,又之遷、固。試文則是物也,殆揚雄所謂雕蟲技乎?近乃愛昌黎,為文日見其難及,不知昔者何視之易也?』璘驚曰:『有是哉!今英賢並易昌黎文,而淺晦庵於道』」;卷三十七〈啟敬所蔣少宰書〉云:「唐宋以來,韓愈、柳宗元、歐陽修、蘇軾之屬,(中略)各發其文章,斐然成家。」其他稱引昌黎者,如卷四〈晩庭納凉作五平詩呈涇川公〉、卷三十八〈復陳魯南〉、〈與葛惟源〉皆可參印。世人每據其〈與陳鶴論詩〉卷三十八,以為論詩祈向略同李、何、昌穀,尚未知其全也。
〇華玉詩之稍不落窠臼者:卷十〈出靖州〉云:「池心濺墨生科斗,花血流紅綻杜鵑」;卷十七〈明妃怨〉云:「掩抑哀弦别上都,玉顔那遣嫁匈奴。人生敵面猶相忽,何况君王隔畫圖」一(於歐公〈明妃曲〉所謂「耳目所及尚如此,萬里安能制夷狄」別出新意)(卷二十〈昭君寫真圖引〉亦云:「可憐睇盼隔重霄,竟使畫圖欺白日」);〈武皇南巡舊京歌〉云:「青龍山北接飛猱,白鷺洲東射海鰲。不為芳春浪行幸,寢園聊待薦含桃」八;〈擬宮怨〉云:「翠靨金蟬入帝家,擬將新寵屬鉛華。君王自信圖中貌,靜女虛迎夢裏車。帳殿秋陰生角枕,屧廊空響應琵琶。含情獨倚朱闌暮,滿院微風動落花」三;「人意已疏言更淺,莫將詞賦倚相如」六;卷二十九〈苦熱絕句〉云:「西照人家晝掩門,船窗渾是暑風屯。清川沸作湯池熱,凉樾蒸為火樹繁」八。
〇東橋誦說宋儒,好為道學家語,至欲鄙棄文詞。觀卷十〈舂陵懷古〉第一首、卷十三〈與後渠書〉、〈寄王道思〉、〈沅州修書院成告薛文清文〉、〈與呂涇野〉、〈答浚川公〉、卷三十八〈與葛惟源〉[2]、〈與王汝重〉可見。至卷四十〈近言〉十三篇,尤首標〈尊道〉,以詞人而究以心性,在交游中與薛君采、鄭善夫相近。卷三十七〈復許函谷通政〉云:「孔、孟所引詩書之言,亦多斷章取義,不拘拘於章句,蓋義理乃其精微,文詞特糟粕耳。至宋儒始守師說、泥章旨而立主意,雖於文字之際實有所發明,卒使六經之旨拘牽執滯,而無曲暢旁通之趣,實訓詁之學為之害也」云云,又是陽明並世人語氣。
〇卷三十八〈與陳鶴論詩〉謂論詩言六朝「靡弱」、初唐「變體未純」,雖常談而實確論,因怪鶴自作詩間出「六朝、唐初之語」,與大復之稱初唐者異趣。《四庫提要》謂其「近驂信陽之乘」,未為的論。東橋推空同高於大復,觀《四友齋叢說》卷二十六可知。《華玉集》卷二十九〈寄李獻吉〉第二首云:「太史論文戰國同,杜陵詩體次王風。即看今代詞林伯,未覺前賢采筆雄。」大復、昌穀皆未能得此於渠也。又《四友齋叢說》卷二十六記東橋曰:「空同言:『詩至子美,如至圓不能加規,至方不能加矩矣。』此空同之過言也。夫規矩,方圓之至,故匠者皆用之,杜亦在規矩中耳。若說必要學杜,則是學某匠。何得就以子美為規矩也?」按《嬾真子》卷二記張奉議從聖謂退之〈送窮〉非擬〈逐貧〉:「規矩,方圓之至也,若與規矩合,則方圓自然同也。」二節可合觀。然東橋所述空同之言,當是其一時興到語。《空同子集》卷六十二〈駁何氏論文書〉有云:「古之工,如倕如班,堂非不殊,戶非同也,至其為方也、圓也,弗能舍規矩。何也?規矩者,法也。(中略)方圓之自也,即欲舍之,烏乎舍」云云[3],亦徵其臨文謹慎,與東橋見地無異也。
七四七[4]
Czesław Miłosz (by David Levine)
雜書:
Gabriele
Rossetti: “Fuga ed asilo”: “Neve il dorso e fiamma il crin / riflettea dal mar
vicin / il Vesèvo...” (L. Baldacci, Poeti
minori dell’Ottocento, I, p. 42). Such a spectacle becomes a literary cliché:
“Nur dies Hertz, est ist von Dauer, / Schwillt in Jugendlichstem Flor; / Unter
Schnee und Nebelschauer / Rast ein Ätna die hervor” (Goethe, West-östlicher Divan, “Suleika Nameh”, Sämtliche Werke, Bd. II, S. 421); Père
Bouhours, Les Entretiens d’Ariste et d’Eugène, 6me Entretien: “un
des chevaliers surnommez, les Amans gelez
en apparence, avoit [pour la devise] le Mont Etna couvert de neige & le
glace, Dentro le fiamme, e fuor il
ghiaccio” (Ed. Librairie Armand Colin, 1962, p. 227); cf. Heine compairing
Victor Hugo’s insincere lyricism to the device in the legends, “incendescent en
surface, glacé en dedans.” “But Adeline was not indifferent: for / (Now for a
commonplace!) beneath the snow, / As a volcano holds the lava more / Within — et caetera. Shall I go on? — No! / I
hate to hunt down a tired metaphor, / So let the often-used volcano go” (Byron,
Don Juan, XIII. 36; Variorum Edition
by T.G. Steffan & W.W. Pratt, III, p. 374); “gli piaceva — diceva egli
[Croce] stesso — d’essere come il Vesuvio, che sovente, d’inverno, ha la neve
fuori e il fuoco dentro” (F. Nicolini, Croce, p. 87); “Snow can lie on
volcanoes; & geysers boil among icefields” (F.L. Lucas, Ibsen & Strindberg, p. 26 a propos
of Norwegian reticence).
Two prophetic
novels: Sydney Fowler Wright’s The War of
1938 (1936)[5],
which “foretold the fate that would befall the Czech people in 1938 with such
uncanny accuracy that the story often reads like a report after the event” (Wm.
K. Pfeiler, German Literature in Exile,
p. 125); Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz’s Insatiability
(1932), whose forecast of the state of affairs in eastern Europe under Soviet
domination “is being fulfilled in the minutest detail” (C. Milosz, The Captive Mind, “Mercury Books”, p. 5).
Fr. Vischer’s
Auch Einer, eine Reisebekanntschaft
has enriched the German language with the phrase “die Tücke des Objekts”[6] (cf. G. Büchmann,
Geflügelte Worte, Volks-Ausgabe von B. Krieger,
1926, S. 213). As A.E. says in the novel: “Von Tagesanbruch bis in die späte
Nacht, solang irgendein Mensch um den Weg ist, denkt das Objekt auf Unarten,
auf Tücke” (Auch Einer, Leipsig:
Insel Verlag, S. 27; cf. S. 21: “solche Tücke des Objekts zu vermeiden”; S. 26:
“die allgemeine Tendenzionität die Animosität des Objekts”). Cf. 第七六七則 on Ch. Morgenstern’s “zwei Elementarphantasien.” W. Kayser considers
Vischer’s formula a contribution to the repertory of the grotesque & traces
adumbrations of the idea back to Hoffmann (Das
Groteske, S. 119 ff.; cf. Hoffmann’s Der
goldne Topf, see PMLA, March
1960, p. 93)[7].
“Die Tücke des Objekts” is, however, quite a common experience, & I can
give instances in my own daily life of the pranks of buttons, typewriters,
watches, books, key, etc. etc. Cf. Antoine Furetière, Le Roman Bourgeois: “... mais en se levant elle [Javotte] laissa
tomber un peloton de fil et ses ciseaux, qui estoient sur sa juppe. Nicodème se
jette aussitost avec précipitation à ses pieds pour les relever, Javotte se
baisse de sou costé pour le prévenir; & se relevant tous deux en mesme
temps, leurs deux fronts se heurtent avec telle violence, qu’ils se firent
chacun une bosse. Nicodème, au desespoir de ce malheur, voulut se retirer
promptement; mais il ne prit pas garde à un buffet boiteux qui estoit derrière
luy,[8] qu’il
choqua si rudement qu’il en fit tomber une belle porcelaine... Il fait mille
excuses, et en veut ramasser les morceaux pour en renvoyer une pareille. Mais
en marchant brusquement avec des souliers neufs sur un plancher bien frotté,...
le pied luy glissa, & comme, en ces occasions, on tasche à se retenir à ce
qu’on trouve, il se prit aux houppes des cordons qui tenoient le miroir
attaché; or le poids de son corps les ayant rompus, Nicodème & le miroir
tomberent en mesme temps... Nicodème, tout honteux gagne la porte de la salle;
mais, estant en colère, il l’ouvrit avec tant de violence, qu’elle alla donner
contre un theorbe qu’un voisin avoit laissé contre la muraille, qui fut entièrement
brisé”(“Édition Porteret”, p. 67-8).
Émile Zola on his “canne perdue et puis retrouvée”:
“En vérité les objets se cachent par fois, pour nous éprouver” (Pages d’Exil, publiées et annotées par
Colin Burns, 1964, p. 50); Swinburne to Gosse: “When a printer presumes to
forget that he is a machine, & has as much right to think for himself as an
inkstand, he always does realise the records of the devil in a joint-stool —
malevolent furniture — chairs & tables under diabolical possession —
preserved in such chronicles as ‘Satan s Invisible World Displayed’ &
‘Pandemonium or the Devil’s Cloister’” (Cecil Y. Lang , The Swinburne Letters, VI, p. 64); “In his [Francis Thompson’s]
extremity, the whole world seemed to him to be his enemy. Whenan umbrella fell
against him in the railway carriage, he said, seriously, ‘I am the target of
all disasters’” (J.C. Reid, Francis
Thompson, p. 202); Santayana to H.W. Abbott,: “Let us remember that the
joke of things is one at our expense. It is very funny, but it is exceedingly
unpleasant” (Letters, ed. Daniel
Cory, p. 15); Jean Dutourd, Au bon beurre,
p. 151: “On n’avait plus affaires à de bons et loyaux objets, mais à de
malicieuses matières qui s’ingéniaient
à vous duper. Les lames de resoir ne coupaient pas,
le savon était un pierre ou du sable, le dentifrice du plâtre, le café de l’orge,
la cuir du papier, la toile de la fibrede bois. On était entouré d’apparences.”
The farcical scene in Le Roman bourgeois
resembles strongly the contretemps of a button on A.E.’s coat in Auch Einer (“Wer sollte zum Beispiel
einem simplen Knopf seine Verruchtheit ansehen?” usw. in S. 18-9). For the
accident of the “zuerst mit Butter, dann mit Honig ebenso korrekt gestrichenes,
als korrekt geschnittenes Brot” which “war — ‘natürlich’ — auf die gestrichene
Seite gefallen” (S. 28), cf. the Jewish saying “Butterbrot fällt ufs Ponim” (Büchmann,
Geflügelte Worte, Volks-Ausgabe von
B. Krieger, 1926, S. 194) & James Payn’s lines[9] (The Oxford Dict. of Quotations, 2nd
ed., p. 376). In Hardy’s novel, such pranks have catastrophic tragic
consequences e.g. Tess’s letter goes beneath the carpet behind Angel’s door. Cf.
“gremlin” & “jimp” in popular language.[10] Cf.
E.M. Foster, Aspects of the Novel, p.
164: “...the obstinacy of inanimate objects, like Dr Slop’s bag
[in Tristram Shandy], is most
suspicious.” On the other hand, Hugo in “Les Pauvres Gens” (La Légende des Siècles, LII) says: “La
porte, cette fois, comme si, par instants, / Les objets étaient pris d’une
pitié suprême, / Morne, tourna dans l’ombre et s’ouvrit d’elle-même” — only to
reveal the corps of a poor woman, “Le spectre échevelé de la misère morte” (Oeuvres Poétiques Complètes, Montréal:
Éd. B. Valiquette, p. 604)! Cf. Rupert Hart-Davis, Hugh Walpole, “The
Harvest Book”, p. 110: “He went to the Chelsea Arts Ball hand in hand with Mr
Pooter: ‘Saw everyone — great fun, only my trousers split’”; p. 158: “And here,
to add to the fun, Mr Pooter once more took a hand.”【“Like the convivial Porson, when he could not light his bedroom candle
with an extinguisher, you must ‘damn the nature of things’” (Max Beerbohm, Works & More, “Actors”). Cf. Paul
Jenning’s amusing skit “Report on Resistentialism” (D. Macdonald, Parodies, pp. 394 ff., “Les choses sont
contre nous”[11]
as “the basic concept”).】【E.A.
Poe: “The Angel of the Odd” (Poems & Miscellanies,
Oxford, p. 519): “who presided over the contretemps of mankind, & whose
business it was to bring about the odd accidents which are continually
astonishing the skeptic.”】【De
Quincey, Confessions of an English
Opium-Eater, “Everyman’s”, pp. 92-3, the comic scene of bringing his trunk
downstairs when he escaped from the school.】【During a grand dinner at Chesterfield House, Philip Stanhope stuffed the
corner of the tablecloth in his waistcoat in mistake for his napkin, &
walked across the floor pulling down after him the whole service. Amusing
instances in George & Weedon Grossmith, The
Diary of a Nobody, Arrowsmith, pp. 40 (tie), 53 (cabbage), 58 (boots), 142
(curds), 144 (mat), 166 (gloves), 175 (chest of drawers).】
Gabriele
Rossetti: “Dimora in Inghilterra”[12]: “O
Brittannia venturosa, / di Nettun possente sposa, / trista nebbia, è ver, t’ingombra,
/ ma quest’ombra — orror non ha: / sii di luce ancor più priva, / pur ch’io
viva — in libertà!” (Poeti minori
dell’Ottocento, a cura di L. Baldacci, I, p. 48). Cf. Lucilio in Nievo’s Le Confessioni d’un Italiano, cap. 20: “Gli
è vero che il sole di Londra non è quello di Venezia; ma la melanconia delle
sue tinte s’accorda perfettamente alle pupille lagrimose dell’esule” (Opere, a cura di S. Romagnolo, p. 748).
F. Schlegel: “Poesie
kann nur durch Poesie kritisiert werden. Ein Kunsturteil, welches nicht selbst
ein Kunstwerk ist, entweder im Stoff, als Darstellung des notwendigen Eindrucks
in seinem Werden, oder durch eine schöne Form, und einen im Geist der alten
römischen Satire liberalen Ton, hat gar kein Bürgerrecht im Reiche der Kunst”
(Jakob Minor, Fr. Schlegel: Seine
prosaischen Jugendschriften, II, S. 200). This leads to the dangerous
practice of so-called “creative criticism.” In a witty note to his dismissive
verdict on the theory of criticism as “artifex additus artifici” (La Poesia, 5a ed., p. 127),
Croce says: “Poiché a quest’obbligo che rammentavo al critico di pensare, e al
congiunto divieto di mettervi a gareggiare col poeta nel canto, un critico
estetizzante rispose che io non intendevo, perché non lo conoscevo per
esperienza, il sacro furore del critico invasato, replicai ricordando
scherzosamente che nella sale di concerto tedesco c’è la scritta: ‘Das
Mitsingen ist verboten’” (Ib., pp.
317-8). Cf. Berenson’s crack: “I falsificatori sono in effetto dei critici che
non si sono andati altre, fino alla finta creazione” (U. Morra, Colloqui con Berenson, quoted in T.L.S., March 5, 1964, p. 187); Chekhov’s
admonition to Gorky is also in point here: “You lack restraint. You are like a
spectator at a play who expresses his enthusiasm so unrestrainedly that he cannot
hear what the actors are saying & does not let others hear it. This lack of
restraint is particularly felt in the descriptive passages with which you interrupt
your dialogue” (David Magarshack, Chekhov,
p. 333). Mario Fubini’s judicious & sensitive amendment of Croce’s view is
worth quoting: “Eppure sentiamo che per un altro verso il Mitsingen è
inevitabile e necessario, e che in ogni critico deve pur cantare dentro, anche
quando vien svolgendo I suoi ragionamenti, la voce del poeta e a quella voce
egli di continuo deve porgere ascolto per non lasciarsi portare a conclusioni
troppo astratte o poco pertinente. Essa canta, per usare le parole del Pascoli,
‘come non sanno / Cantare che i
sogni del cuore / Che cantano forte e non fanno / Rumore’:
vero è che coloro a cui era rivolto il monito del Croce tendono per lo più a
cantare forte e a fare rumore, un rumore tale che finisce per sopraffare la
voce del poeta!” (Critica e poesia,
p. 85).
Swinburne to
W.M. Rossetti: “”So be it — if you like to contribute to ‘The Bog-house
Miscellany — well designed to ease the body, & improve the mind’” (The Swinburne Letters, V, p. 97). In a
footnote the editor refers to the pamphlet Serious
& Cleanly Meditations upon a House of Office Dedicated to the Goldfinders
of Great Britain by Cato. To which is added The Bog-House, a Poem in Imitation
of Milton (1723): “Such Places as these, / Were made for the Ease / Of
every Fellow in common; / But, to Poets who write / On the Wall as they sh—te,
/ ’Tis a Pleasure far greater than Woman; / For he’s eased in his Body, &
pleased in his Mind, / Who leaves both a T—d & some Verses behind.” Gianni
Magliano Has culled some examples of latrinal verse: “Perché questo liceo de me
nulla perda, / quel che mi diede in scienza io glielo rendo in merda” (I Muri parlano, p. 29); “Portatevi la
carta voi ch’entrate”, “E quivi, del mio cul, feci e trombetta” (p. 30); “Non
dico che del buco prender si debba il centro, / Ma figli di p—fatela almeno
dentro” (cf. E. Partridge, Dict. of Catch
Phrases, p. 199: “Stand closer — it is shorter than you think!”; “Ladies,
please remainseated during the whole performance”; The Penguin Book of Modern Quotations, p. 6: “We aim to please. You
aim too, please” — inscription in gentlemen’s lavatory of N.Y. restaurant) (p. 33); “La
scienza del cuoco / Finisce in questo loco” (p. 34), etc. Cf. 第八十六則 on Martial, XII. lxi (“The Loeb Classical Library”, II, p. 362).
Walter
Muschg, Die Zerstörung der deutschen
Literatur, 3te erweiterte Aufl. 1958, S. 31: “Die andere Hälfte
der entzweigerissenen deutschen Literatur, die in Deutschland zurückblieb [during
the Third Reich], bestand nicht nur aus nichtswürdigen Feiglingen und
Dilettanten. Hinter dem Aufstand des Pöbels ereignete sich dort das andere, das
die Ausgewanderten nicht sehen konnten und in Deutschland niemand sehen durfte:
das Martyrium derjenigen, die sich nicht entschließen konnten, ihr Land zu
verlassen, und in dem neuen Reich, das sie verachteten, zu leben versuchten.”
Cf. Milosz, The Captive Mind, ch. 3
(tr. by Jane Zielonko, “Mercury Books”, p. 79): “Obviously, people caught up in
this daily struggle are rather contemptuous of their compatriot political émigrés.
A surgeon cannot consider a butcher his equal in his dexterity; just so a Pole,
Czech, or Hungarian practised in the art of dissimulation smiles when he learns
that someone in the emigration has called him a traitor at the very moment when
this traitor is engaged in a match of philosophical chess...”
七四八[13]
萬曆丙辰黃汝亨等金陵刊本《快雪堂集》
馮夢禎《快雪堂集》。開之負一時人望,當是以其風流和易耳。詩文殊鈍率蕪弱,不成家數。朱鷺白民〈別叙〉稱之云:「先生最喜蘇文忠,為五百年獨知之契。」【《牧齋初學集》71〈朱鷺傳〉:「朱白民,吳諸生。」文秉《姑蘇名賢續紀》有傳,亦見《明詩綜》卷六十七、徐沁《明畫錄》卷七、姜紹書《無聲詩史》卷四。】祈嚮東坡,為當時風尚。顧開之《集》中尺牘、日記等小品文字,韻致猶在張元長之下,遑論三袁哉(參觀第六五二則)!其文之經意者,華整欲如晉、宋間體。尺牘之經意者,每似王弇州。詩多學選體及初唐。【《湧幢小品》卷十八「浙文」條:「如馮具區,文集儘簡質可讀。」】
〇卷三〈皇明四書文紀序〉:「為士者亦遂比之為敲門磚,門一闢,即棄不用。」卷二十六〈募文疏〉:「記好調十餘,多方遮掩;學難字幾個,到處支吾。名曰『養家神』,謂之『敲門石』。」按鄭梁《寒村雜錄》卷一〈宋伊平文稿序〉云:「科第既得,則時文無復可用。先輩至比之敲門之石,門啟而石可拋。其言良非無謂也」;黃之隽《𢈪堂集補遺》卷一〈一畝宮制藝序〉云:「舍是焉莫階,遂耗精嘔血,以求工其技,比諸叩門之瓦」;焦袁熹《此木軒雜著》卷五云:「今制科之文,公卿大夫皆由此而得之。其得者則曰:『此敲門磚也。門啟,惡用磚為!』可謂寡情之甚也!」參觀西湖居士《鬱輪袍傳奇》第二齣丑言:「這是敲門磚,敲開便丟下他。我們既做了官,做詩何用」;《聊齋志異》卷九〈于去惡〉:「目不睹墳典,不過少年持敲門磚,獵取功名,門既開,則棄去」(元曲高文秀《黑旋風》第三折李逵白:「此間是牢門,傍邊兒有這半頭磚,我拾將起來,我是敲這門咱」)。【曾異撰《紡授堂詩集》卷三〈醉中放歌呈施辰卿〉:「我今騎王半山之拄杖,借朱夫子之門搥,望門敲磚拙言辭。」】
〇卷六〈壽了凡先生序〉[14]:「先生於九流諸家,無所不窺,尤邃於醫,即點化黃白、枕中石函之秘。世儒所云,捕風捉影,不可希冀萬分之一者,而先生以為必有,即試之,而敗不較。」按《明文授讀》卷八袁黃〈形神論〉附梨洲〈書兩行齋集後〉云:「了凡自是豪傑而未聖賢者。」《心史叢刊三集‧袁了凡斬蛟記考》皆未引,僅引王辰玉〈與了凡〉一書耳。【呂毖《明朝小史》卷十二〈嘉靖紀〉:「吳郡袁黃,號了凡,丁丑會場中作『我亦欲正人心』題,結云:『韓愈謂孟子之功不在禹下,愚則[謂]孟子之罪不在桀下。』房考陳三謨閱之喜甚,力薦為會元。」(卷二〈洪武紀〉:「帝覽《孟子》,至『草芥寇讎』之說,大不然之,謂非臣子所宜言,議欲去其配享,詔有諫者以不敬論,且命金吾射之。刑部尚書錢唐抗疏入諫,輿櫬自隨,袒胸受箭曰:『臣得為孟軻死,死有餘榮。』帝見其誠懇,命太醫院療其箭瘡,而孟子之配享,于是得不廢。」)】
〇卷六〈壽鹿門先生九十序〉:「嘗曰:『司馬遷而下有歐陽子,歐陽子而下有茅子。』自負蓋不細已。」卷十七〈鹿門先生洎配姚儒人墓表〉:「嘗言:『此逸氣始自司馬子長,千餘年得歐陽子,又五百年得茅子。』豈虛言哉!」卷二十一〈祭茅鹿門先生文〉:「史遷、歐陽,逸氣後先;公所自許,誰曰不然。」
〇卷十〈董夫人傳〉:「吾友周元孚之繼室也。(中略)笑曰:『妾不幸為君婦,何以詩為?』元孚曰:『子為余婦,何不幸耶?』曰:『君才名滿天下,妾即有佳句,人且謂假手於君,或潤色成之耳。』(中略)元孚從容為余言其嫂夫人能詩,且舉其佳句,不一而足。余笑謂元孚:『嫂即能詩,君或小為潤色。今之閨閣,寧有如此人哉!』元孚云云,則董夫人之所謂『不幸』者也,因歎羨久之。」按王汝玉《梵麓山房筆記》卷六亦云:「閨閣能詩,每多假借,故一稱未亡,往往焚棄筆硯,實乏捉刀人也。其真能出自己手者,如常熟歸佩珊、錢唐汪小韞、元和高湘筠外,不能多見。」見王德卿《德風亭初集》卷十〈寄題山陰女史胡慎容紅鶴山莊集後〉云:「氣粗語大尚編集,背後傾毀當面憐。不道真才近來少,烏絲玉版原贋鎸。錦囊好句刀可捉,半出勦襲歸陳編。」Piron, La
Métromanie, II. i. Francaleu: “Mais, en dépit d’eux tous, ma muse, en
tapinois, / Se fait, dans Le Mercure,
applaudir tous les mois. / ... J’y prends le nom d’une basse-bretonne. / Sous
ce voile étranger, je ris, je plais, j’étonne; / Et le masque femelle agaçant
le lecteur, / De tel qui m’a raillé fait mon adorateur”; Lebrun-Écouchard: “Sur
une Dame Poète” (visant la comtesse de Beauha)[15]:
“Chloé, belleet poète, a deux petits travers: / Elle fait son visage, et ne
fait pas ses vers”; “‘Si tu veux être heureux, n’épouse pas un bas-bleu’,
répétait valontiers la romansier, le vieux Bas Bleu qui renforme ce qui a été
ecrit de plus abominable contre les femmes des letres” (A. Billy, L’Epoque 1900, pp. 215, 216).【繆荃孫《雲自在堪筆記》:「顧子山年丈《過雲樓書畫記例》言[16]:『易安墨竹,淑真畫菊,並見記載。屬在閨幨,易於名世。故下至馬守貞、薛素素,亦分片席。然安知無飾粉黛於壯士,蒙衣袂於婦人者?過而存之,寧不為翠袖紅裙匿笑地下!』」】【王蘊章《然脂餘韻》記無錫女子游瑜適南城陶栗堂,蔣心餘見其詩,疑其夫捉刀。游誌感有云:「千古傳芳不藉詩,怪來名士有微詞。從今洗却簪花筆,賣與鬚眉去畫眉。」】
〇卷二十一〈祭汪司馬伯玉先生文〉:「瑯琊新都,代主文盟。遠近攀附,鼓吹休明。朝參笑語,暮參大名。我生也晚,當叨賞激。歲月幾何,典刑雙區。」按開之與汪、王皆友善,而論詩文則異趣,觀卷四十二〈答馮文所〉、〈答費學卿〉可知。然既譏「不作唐以下人語」之為「區區模擬」,尚不及「叔敖優孟」,而又斥詩「從唐入」之誤,必專看漢、魏人詩,「唐以後一字不映目」方中,亦難自圓厥說。
〇卷三十二〈與張睿甫少參〉:「弟不能食酒,而茶癖遂專。」按卷四十六〈漫錄〉:「李于鱗為吾浙按察,副使徐子與以𡵚茶最精者餉之,比看子與昭慶寺,問及,則已賞皂役矣。蓋茶葉大多梗,于鱗北士,不遇宜矣」;卷五十八庚子九月十八日:「同驥兒唐卿啜茶甚快,余論湯候及先氣後味之說,寥寥誰解之者。」老子自許,正爾不淺。然張元長《梅花草堂筆談》卷六云:「馮開之先生喜飲茶,而好親其事。人或問之,答曰:『此事如美人、彛鼎、法書、名畫,豈宜落他人手!』然先生對客輒談不止,童子滌壺以待,會盛談未及著茶,時傾白水而進之。先生未嘗不欣然自謂得法,客亦不敢不稱善也。」即東坡〈焦千之求惠山泉詩〉:「傾甌共歎賞,竊語笑僮僕。」又按屠長卿《考槃餘事》卷三「注湯」條引屠豳叟《茗笈》云:「凡事俱可委人,第責成効而已。惟瀹茗須躬自執勞,瀹茗而不躬執,欲湯之良,無有是處。」即開先之旨也。【《湧幢小品》卷三「善謔」條三則皆記馮具區事,有云:「不甚教子,……買舟西湖,二女侍歌舞,甚適。不能飲,惟佳茗清香,與衲子為伍。」】
〇卷三十五〈與屠長卿〉[17]:「請以一丸泥封戶,而專意無生之業,何如?不然如謝生之說,其作用在一身,即無大效,亦無大害。若黃白女鼎之說,為害甚博,拒之可也。」按卷六〈壽了凡先生序〉云:「即點化黃白、枕中石函之秘。世儒所云,捕風捉影,不可希冀萬分之一者,而先生以為必有,即試之,而敗不較」;卷三十八〈報張養晦僉憲〉:「弟方學無生,了此又不羨神仙矣」;〈與潘去華〉云:「留形度世,此玄門之學,非釋氏之學。(中略)王摩詰詩:『欲知除老病,惟有學無生。』夫以老病為病,無生為藥,猶是門外人之語」;卷四十一〈答達觀師〉云:「承及屠長卿游處,渠好玄門,恐弟子力弱,不能轉渠,或為渠所轉。此甚不然。長卿文人,其好玄,亦意興耳。若真心好玄,死生利害,曾不掛眼,此時方可轉渠」云云,皆陳義甚高。然徵之《日記》,不符所言。卷四十七丁亥九月十六日記:「受聶先生一氣丹」;十七日記:「從聶先生受太一煉形訣」;卷四十八戊子二月十七記「受劉純一所得張洪陽一法」;三月初五記「顧貞陽指示真土秘訣」;卷四十九己丑八月初十記「王初陽以三方及紅鉛二顆見惠」;卷五十八庚子五月初二記「施翁傳六月六日澆頭一法,乃陶真人傳嚴介翁閣老者六月初六即試此方」,雖皆「作用在一身」,然絕非「學無生」之門內人舉動矣。「陶真人」即陶仲文,以房中秘術得倖世宗者[18]。「紅鉛」乃取童女初行月事,鍊之如辰砂,見《野獲編》卷二十一。
〇卷三十八〈與繆當時〉:「僕於公車言本無深解,顧欲以先輩典型,力挽流波。佳作數首,未免賢智之過。倘少自抑損,取裁六經,而黜諸子,此如屈申臂之易耳。」[19]按卷三十二〈與李君實〉云:「篇中尚有雜用子、史句調處,可極力陶洗之,務令淨盡,一從經傳為佳」;卷四十四〈與錢湛如〉云[20]:「應舉文字當裁剪經術,毋以子、史雜言強為容冶。」按開之學問由道入釋見卷一〈莊子郭注序〉,而論八股文崇儒書而排異端。參觀第七百二則引楊升庵、王辰玉語,又《日知錄》卷十八「破題用莊子」條、《制藝叢話》卷五引俞桐川論「以禪入制藝」條。
〇卷三十八〈與申甫〉:「雨中無事宴坐,閱《宗鏡錄》,自覺神思清朗。」[21]按開之甚推此《錄》,同卷〈與王元美先生〉、〈答徐孺東先生〉、卷四十一〈與鳳陽守李友龍〉、卷四十三〈報鄒汝翼〉、卷四十七丁亥五月初四至六月十九《日記》皆及之。蓋開之尊洪覺範,為之重刊《林間錄》(卷三十〈重刻林間錄跋語〉、卷三十八〈報張養晦僉憲〉),《石門文字禪》卷二十五〈題宗鏡錄〉、〈題法惠寫宗鏡錄〉兩篇可相印證。董玄宰《容臺集》冠以陳眉公〈序〉,亦云:「批閱永明《宗鏡錄》一百卷,大有奇悟」《南吳舊話錄》卷二十二記玄宰一則全本此〈序〉;陶石簣《歇菴集》卷十五〈與周海門先生‧之八〉云:「《宗鏡錄》雖再閱,未曾契入,與不看同,遵教當即細覽之也。」【雍正〈重刊宗鏡錄後序〉乃云:「此書歷宋、元、明以迄於今,宗門古德,不乏具眼,而從未有稱道讚揚,標為第一希有者,亦可異也」云云,稍自誇巨眼矣。】【《山谷內集》卷八〈戲答趙伯充〉:「從此永明書百卷。自公退食一爐香。」】【惠洪《林間錄》卷下:「予嘗游東吳,寓於西湖淨慈寺。寺之寢堂東西廡建兩閣,甚崇麗。寺有老衲謂予言:『永明和尚以賢首、慈恩、天台三宗互相氷炭,不達大全,故館其徒之精法義者於兩閣,博閱義海,更相質難,和尚則以心宗之衡準平之。又集大乘經論六十部、西天此土賢聖之言三百家,證成唯心之旨,為書一百卷,傳於世,名曰《宗鏡錄》。』其為法施之利,可謂博大殊勝矣。今天下名山莫不有之,而學者終身有未嘗展卷者。」袁中郎《瀟碧堂集》卷二十《德山麈談》:「透關的人,亦分兩樣:有走黑路者,若大慧等是也;走明白路者,洪覺範、永明壽是也。」袁小修《珂雪齋文集》卷十一〈宗鏡攝錄序〉[22]:「中郎塊處,乃日課《宗鏡》數卷。……逐句丹鉛,稍汰其煩復,撮其精髓,……減去《錄》中數萬言,而全書畢具。爪甲粗刪,血脈自如。」】【《弇州山人續稿》卷一五六〈題弘明二集後〉:「永明壽業可與朱子埒,而大勝之。」[23]】【董其昌《容臺別集》卷一:「邇見袁中郎摘永明《宗鏡錄》與《冥樞會要》,較精詳,知其眼目不同往時境界矣。」[24]】
〇卷三十八〈報密藏師兄〉:「法門寥寥,此中僅有蓮池老師、虞長孺二人。渠輩意甚雌黃老師。」按卷四十九己丑十一月初十《日記》云:「長孺論議,頗不服達關師,且不服覺範《法華論》。」按《野獲編》卷二十七云:「蓮池、達觀二老行徑迥異,各立教門,雖不相下,亦不相笑。後達老示寂獄中,蓮拊膺悼歎,亦微咎其昧於明哲。憨山作達老塔銘,語含譏諷」云,徵之開先此牘,則蓮池之非紫柏,早在下獄以前矣。又〈徑山達觀可禪師塔銘〉見《憨山老人夢游集》卷十四,初無微詞,景倩非誤憶即深文耳。《快雪堂集》卷四十一〈答達觀師〉箴儆之詞甚峻,至云:「願師自今以後,勿輕信人,勿輕涉事」云,不可謂非法王左右諍臣,而終不能免其狴犴之禍,又景倩所謂「定業難逃」者矣。
〇卷四十二〈答費國聘同年〉:「近蓄得歌姬四人,色雖非異,而有繞梁之韻,足娛老人。」按開之號稱歸心白業,而頗恣情聲色。《野獲編》卷二十七自記嘗疑雪浪舉動有礙禪律,問之開之,開之笑曰:「正如吾輩蓄十數婢妾,他日何害生西方登正覺耶!」可以參證。然卷五十八庚子十二月初二日記云:「久別家室,與吳姬甚昵,覓慧劍不得,奈何!」則亦未嘗不知愛欲之為蓋纏,若景倩語,一時強顏為之詞耳。設為紫柏所聞,又將吃棒《野獲編》卷二十七:「馮祭酒與之同席,主人出饌,蟹甚肥。馮手擘之,自訟曰:『是不宜吃,無奈口饞何!』紫柏振聲以杖擊之,『汝但恣噉,不過識神偶昧。今明知其非,強作憫憐狀,此真泥犁種子,非吾徒也!』云云。」然開之口腹之貪,未嘗稍歛,卷四十九己丑十月十四日記:「午後復病寒,蓋瘧也,不知而啖魚蟹,益為病魔之助矣」;卷五十七己亥八月十八日記:「赴吳伯度之約,噉黃爵蟹,黃爵已肥」;二十五日記:「舟中烹蟹十四枚噉客」;卷五十八庚子九月二十四日記:「是日兩度噉蟹,甚快」。又開之後又買一姬,卷五十九壬寅十月初一日記云:「張氏小姬到船,年十三,字之楚蘅,眉目亦自清慧。」[25]故卷五十八庚子八月十五日記尚云:「四歌姬初試湖中,亦稱寥亮」,卷六十癸卯八月二十二日記遂云:「迎五歌姬至舟」矣。參觀卷六十四〈雜詩二首〉「雛女十三餘」云云,「小星正三五」云云;卷五十八庚子五月二十八日「新姬侍夕」;卷六十二乙巳四月二十七日記:「召金姬侍宿東樓。」蓋「娛老人」者,不特歌聲繞梁而已,宜其受王方士紅鉛之饋也。蕭伯玉《汴游錄》閏九月一日(見第七十九則)、周櫟園《書影》卷二皆記「相傳聞馮開之嬖一艾妾,妾方新沐,時佛手柑初至都門,急懷一枚相與,妾接得,旋擲去。馮知其意已不屬,縱之出閣」云云,當是館京師時事,非吳、金、張等矣。《湧幢小品》卷三記開之「築精舍於孤山。并買舟西湖,二女侍歌舞,甚適。不能飲,惟佳茗清香。」
〇卷四十八戊子十二月二十八日記:「因林生叩其乃叔玄江起居,知以聞劉姬訃入燕矣。劉故本司角妓,予辛未赴公車,曾識其人」;卷四十九己丑正月初三日記:「尚炅喪妾劉字鳳臺,故角妓,辛未歲識之曲中,賦〈弔劉娘〉二絕。」按劉鳳臺事,詳見《野獲編》卷二十三開之稱其薦枕時「兼飛燕、合德」之長者。弔詩不見《集》中,《野獲編》存一首。
〇卷五十七己亥閏四月二十二日記:「長卿名為入道,不茹葷,顧特戀諸頑童,所挈□奴[26],有陸瑤、湯科五六輩,而陸瑤特嬖侍身畔,不少離,時時耳畔私語,手過酒臠食之,自言一夕可度十男女,其可笑如此!」按《棗林雜俎‧和集》云:「屠長卿求友人侍兒,令即席賦〈梅花詩〉百首,長卿援筆立成,因歸之。長卿佻達不羈,先因宋西寧家狎飲罷官。嘗遊西湖,泊舟西陵橋,詞客滿座,語及前事,忽曰:『宋夫人真絕色也。』眾為之匿笑。又曰:『吾一夜可度男女十人。』吳德符充在坐,為予言之。」可與開之所記發明。姚園客《露書》卷七云:「屠長卿長齋,自謂不近婦女。在西湖,馮開之扄一妓與長卿同榻,及曉問妓,妓云:『彼擁被自眠,殊不顧人。』眾訝:『寒凍奈何?』長卿不覺云:『彼衷綿半臂。』眾失笑。」按之開之此则,長卿之不近婦女,非緣齋戒,正為好外耳。胡元瑞《少室山房類稿》卷七十六〈采菱曲十二章〉有序謂:「髫丱事緯真今長矣。」故第五章云:「惆悵後庭花底月,凭闌回憶破瓜年。」又按明人於男色昌言無忌,元瑞集尚有卷五十五〈是夕酣飲丙夜潘張兩生各擁一童子就榻而皆同姓即事二律嘲之〉、卷五十六〈贈幼文丁氏逸季侍童也常置帳中余從諸客狙伺得之賞其丰神瑩澈為賦二首〉,餘見百一七則,百六二則。【謝在杭《五雜組》卷十五[27]:「屠儀部隆苦談前生之說,一日,集余吳山署中,與黃白仲辯論往復,遂至夜分。然二君皆非真有見解者,不過死生念重,……定識既淺,愛根甚重,一切貪嗔、邪淫、妄語等禁,彼皆犯之,今生已不勝罪過矣,何論前後世哉!」】
〇卷五十八庚子五月二十四日記:「早,新姬至臥前,惡語相加,怒而毆之。余最善藏,而暴發如此,亦以女子小人難養,不能戒堅氷於履霜耳。」[28]按卷四十七丁亥九月二十八日記云:「聞拙園雪奴死,甚怏。雪奴,鶴也。究其故,則模奴誤聞吾夫婦之欲移畜此鶴,於武林途中,因厄而敝死。得狀,笞模二十。」皆由癡愛而生嗔怒。半生學佛,全無受用處。
〇卷五十九壬寅五月初四日記:「金卓然自燕歸。(中略)為談京邸晤厲馬豆,學問梗概,自是小乘外道,惜士夫多有中之者。」按此與錢希言《獪園》卷四、鄭仲夔《耳新》卷八、劉侗《帝京景物略》卷五、徐𤊹《筆精》卷七送利瑪竇諸則,皆未見人稱引。又萬曆中蕭良有撰《蒙養故事》,崇禎壬午楊臣諍增訂為《龍文鞭影》正集卷三(〈七陽〉)起語卷下有云:「君起盤古,人使亞當」,注引《格致草》云:「造人之始,西經所載,以水土合和成男,復取男一肋骨成女。男曰亞當,女曰昵襪(厄妋)」云云,蓋明末兔園冊中亦摭取西來新說矣。【《尺牘新鈔》卷二徐世溥〈與友人〉:「當神宗時,天下文治嚮盛。若(中略)焦秣陵之博物、董華亭之書畫、徐上海、利西士之曆法、湯臨川之詞曲,(中略)皆可與古作者同敞天壤」;黃石牧《𢈪堂續集》卷六〈連日雨〉:「不求甚解海外書借閱《空際格致》、《人身說概》二書,俱泰西人著,無可與言室中僕」;宋起鳳《稗說》卷一「西學」條云:「萬曆間,大西洋人利瑪竇來入貢。(中略)崇禎初,又有龍華民、湯若望自其國來。所挾書冊,皆梵字,以羊作帙,不可讀。其繪事、繪人物生動若出塑。所云天主,其國名耶蘇,其嚮散髮覆背,右手按一渾天輪,天地、日月、星斗濛濛然包氣鞠 (sic) 中,置膝上,左手若將指說者。天主貌類三十許,瞳神白黑炯炯,鼻準高於面,唇掀揭鬚表 (sic),顏色鮮妍若花暈,髭髯若漆。(中略)天主有母,首覆帨至肩,鬟髮不整,姣好一少艾爾。所抱嬰兒即天主,母子瞳神皆相注,面作玉紅色。世之善寫照者,其生氣不能及也。習其教者,祀先不用楮,不禮神佛,(中略)戒置妾媵。有少過,躬謁天主前,竊竊自懺。(中略)器有自鳴鐘、七弦琴、龍尾水車、千里鏡、混天儀。(中略)余童時見龍君,年已稱望八矣(下略)」[29];張萱《疑耀》卷三:「西僧利瑪竇言天地間止有三行:水也,火也,土也,又以氣為一行」;卷四:「西僧利瑪竇嘗謂余言天上有一世界,地之下亦有一世界」;李世熊《寒支初集》卷八〈答彭躬庵〉:「乃知巖墻之下,不無正命,聖賢亦有論說未到處。惟西教無生、天學念死,刻刻惺惺,差是受用處耳」;〈默石圖銘〉:「西國有牛山,產犬鷹,鶴所忌也。鶴西徙,必經是山,輒銜小石窒口,慮妄鳴而招鷹也。西士曰:『世險萬於牛山,人毒萬於鷹爪,何為讙讙然犯險攖毒乎?默亦斯人之石矣。』陳星符圖此,蓋老氏守中、詩人捫舌之義也。顧西士之喻曰:『言如鳥飛,默剪其羽;胸為言溝,默塞其漏。』夫不飛之羽將憊,不流之溝將潰,義類偏舉,不可不通其意也,乃為銘」云云;《二集》卷二〈與雷扶九〉:「西學之粹者,與吾儒何殊?所說天堂、地獄,留此影跡,供人彈射,解者無可辨,亦不必辨。至其推步測算、制器尚象、挾情按隱,中國所未有,將來與經典並垂也」;〈答王振子〉:「大西人問年壽,每以見在者為無有,如賤辰七十,則云:『已無七十者。』此語淒痛。」明季人於西教尚稍識,真遠勝清季人之妄誕,詳見朱翔清《埋憂續集》卷二「天主教」條眉批。】
【姚旅《露書》卷三:「馮開之與余言:『山水真好者鮮多,經前不一登臨,恐人譏其俗,勉一赴焉。」】
七四九[30]
但丁《神曲‧地獄篇》三十二章烏戈利諾一節插圖 (Gustave Doré, 1861)
雜書:
Don Juan, XV. 72: “And fruits, & ice, & all that art refines / From
nature for the service of the goût, — / Taste or the goat, — pronounce it as inclines / Your stomach! Ere you dine, the
French will do; / But after, there are
sometimes certain signs / Which prove plain English truer of the two” (Variorum
edition by T.G. Steffan & W.W. Pratt, III, p. 488)[31].
The stanza surely owes something to Lord Thomas Erskine's celebrated epigram: “The
French have taste in all they do, / Which we are quite without; / For Nature,
that to them gave goût, / To us gave
only gout” (W.D. Adams, The Book of English
Epigrams, p. 237).
K. Spalding & K. Brooke, A
Historical Dictionary of German Figurative Usage, Fasc. III, p. 114: “Was für ein paar Augen! What lovely
breasts!” Heinz Küpper, Wörterbuch der
deutschen Umgangssprache, Bd. II, S. 56 gives the variant: “zwei schöne
Augen haben.” Cf. Anthony Burgess, Honey
for the Bears, p. 144: “The dark-ringed eyes of her breasts ogled him, eyes
capable of independent motion, like the eyes of some strabismic Mack Sennett
comedian”; Luciana d’Arad, Love Without
Grace, E.T., p. 46: “The firm, wide-spaced breasts (Laura, jokingly, said
they were strabismic).” G. Sandry & M. Carrére, Dictionnaire de l’Argot moderne, 3e
éd., p. 153: “oeil qui dit merde à l’autre” for strabisme. For the meaning of “strabismus”
in this case, see E. Fuchs, Illustrierte
Sittengeschichte, II, S. 122-3 on the breasts being like “zwei feindliche
Schwestern”; & H. Ellis, Man &
Woman, p. 158 on their being “at enmity.”
Fasc. V, p. 191: “Die Katze leckt
ihren Bart, wir bekommen Besuch”; cf.《酉陽雜俎》:“俗言貓洗面過耳則客至”(《太平廣記》卷 440 引);嚴元照《柯家山館遺詩》卷四〈詠貓‧之五〉:“我欲試君洗面,今朝有客來不。”
Fasc. 7, p. 314: “ein Bild ohne
Gnade, a beautiful but stupid woman”; Hans Carossa is quoted to the effect
that the phrase refers to a woman lacking in sex appeal. Cf. Rousseau, Confessions, Liv. V (Bib. de la Pléiade,
p. 187): “... mademoiselle Lard, vrai
modèle d’une statue
grecque, et que je citerais pour la plus belle fille que j’aie jamais vue, s’il
y avait quelque véritable beauté sans vie et sans âme.” Vincenzo Riccardi di
Lantosca’s witty poem “Però non mi destar...” is also to the point: “Tu, se non
è per far veder cotesti / bianchi dentini, / non aprir la bocca; / non
parlarmi, se vuoi ch’io non mi desti, / tu che sei così bella...
a così sciocca!” (L. Baldacci, Poeti
minori dell’Ottocento, I, p. 956); cf. Congreve’s lines on Lesbia: “But
soon as e’er the beautious idiot spoke, / Forth from her coral lips such folly
broke, / Like balm the trickling nonsense heal’d my wound, / And what her eyes
enthrall’d her tongue unbound.” Venus’s
reproach of the unfeeling Adonis in Shakespeare’s poem can also be quoted in
this connexion: “Fie, lifeless picture, cold & senseless stone, / Well-painted
idol, image dull & dead, / Statue contenting but the eye alone” (Venus & Adonis, 211-3).
Fasc. 8, p. 344: “die blinde Seite,
the back (of the human body); from Latin caecum corpus (e.g. Sallust, Jug., 115).” Cf. Sartre’s fantastic
philosophising in Saint Genet, p. 82:
“Beaucoup d’entre elles [les femmes] ont horreur de leur dos, cette masse
aveugle et publique qui est à tous avant d’être à elles” etc.
The academic busybody & philosophical nobody Thomas Monroe dismisses
airily Croce’s Aesthetic: “Its
pompous obscurantism toward naturalistic aesthetics has done much to discourage
& delay the latter’s rise in this country” (Toward Science in Aesthetics, p. 118). F. Nicolini treat the remark
with the condescending irony it deserves: “Quando si pensi che Carlo Marx
affermò scritta in dialetto napoletano la Scienza nuova di G. Vico.... si può
ben perdonare al Munro d’aver tacciato di pomposità e oscurantismo la prosa
crociana” (Croce, p. 498). Giuseppe
Prezzolini rightly praises “the terseness, the clarity, & the brilliancy”
of Croce’s writing: “He is direct; he goes straight to his point without rhetorical
paddings or ornamental digressions. His prose is an example of intellectual
probity & purity” (Horatio E. Smith, ed., Columbia Dict. of Modern European Literature, p. 181). It comes as
a surprise that E.W.F. Tomlin, a philosophical writer belonging to an entirely
different drawer from Munro, betrayed equally inexcusable ignorance of Croce’s
prose style. In his pamphlet
R.G. Collingwood (“Writers
& their work” series, no. 42), he thus explains the cold reception of Speculum Mentis, a cartography of human
knowledge already “attempted abroad” by Hegel, by Comte & by Croce: “The
post-war reaction against Hegelianism
in Britain, which was due partly to vague anti-German prejudice &
partly to natural revulsion against the obscure transcendentalism of such writers
as Lord Haldane, coupled with an Anglo-Saxon antipathy to the lyrical style of
the Italian Idealists, rendered an essay in ‘neo-Hegelianism’ suspect”[32]
(pp. 19-20). What ineptitude to characterise Croce’s style as “lyrical”!
Herbert Read is almost as absurd when he says: “Croce’s critical judgements seem to proceed from a narrow classicism & a
moral priggishness” (Annals of Innocence &
Experience, p. 214). Similarly, in the highly provincial (in spite of its
title) & idiosyncratic (on the pretext of being severely discriminating) Concise Encyclopedia of
Modern World Literature
(1963), edited by Geoffrey Grigson, Collingwood is the only professional
philosopher who has got an entry on the strength of “his brief & in all
ways remarkable An Autobiography” (p.
115) & the fact that it has a model in Croce’s An Autobiography (“a masterpiece in its structure & style...
Collingwood’s autobiography does not have the magisterial terseness &
clarity of Croce’s” — Ray Pascal, Design
& Truth in Autobiography, pp. 107-8) is ignored or not known.
Incidentally, Pascal fails to see that Descartes’s Discours de la Méthode is really the model of such philosophical
biographies as Croce’s & Collingwood’s (Descartes himself said of the Discours “ne proposant cet écrit que comme une
histoire” & Gouhier says that “Descartes transpose dans le Discours un itinéraire
spirituel en itinéraire intellectuel” — Discours de
la Méthode, éd. G. Gadoffre, 2nd ed., 1961, pp. 5
& 83).
In the “Nachwort” to the new edition of his turgid “high a priori” book Grundbegriffe der Poetik (5te
Aufl. 1961, S. 236-7), E. Staiger shrewdly says: “Die Substantive Epos, Lyrik,
Drama gebraucht man in der Regel als Namen
für das Fach, in das eine
Dichtung als Ganzes nach bestimmten äusserlich sichtbaren Merkmalen gehört.
Etwas anderes meinen die Adjektive
lyrisch, episch, dramatisch... Sie verhalten sich zu den Substantiven... wie
sich das Adjektiv ‘menschlich’ zu ‘Mensch’ verhält. ‘Menschlich’ kann eine
Tugend oder auch eine Schwäche des Menschen bedeuten. Die Fächer, die Arten, in
denen man Dichtungen unterbringen kann, haben sich seit der Antike ins Unübersehbare
vermehrt. Die Namen Lyrik, Epos, Drama genügen bei weitem nicht, sie zu
benennen. Die Adjektive lyrisch, episch, dramatisch dagegen erhalten sich als
Namen einfacher Qualitäten, an deneneine bestimmte Dichtung Anteil haben kann
oder auch nicht.” 又第六五九則論《易林》。Cf. Mario Fubini, Critica e Poesia, 1956, p. 398: “Il Vico era condotto a considerare
la poesia, per usare l’espressione de G. De Ruggiero, piuttosto come aggettivo
che come sostantivo (La filosofia moderna,
III, 1941, pp. 66-7): ma per quanto appunto egli spingeva tanto più innanzi
degli altri pensatori del tempo suo col rivolgere la propria attenzione non
soltanto alle opere tradizionalmente riconosciute poetiche, ma, e di
preferenza, a tante altre manifestazioni dello spirito poetante, del quale egli
ritrovava la presenza in così gran parte della storia umana”; W. Kayser, Das Groteske, 1957, p. 27: “Das Adjektiv
ordnet geistig zu, es aktualisiert sehr stark die in seinem Wesen als Adjektiv
liegende Funktion der Wertung bzw. Deutung. Die Adjektive sind die ewigen Unruhstifter in den Sprachen. Bei solcher vernachlässigung
del realen Herkanft dann sich das Adjektiv ganz der materiellen Bindung an
seinen dinglichen Gegenstand lösen: das Chevalereske ist nicht mit dem
Rittertum ausgestorben, pittoresk ist etwas, was eben noch nicht als Gemälde vor
Augen steht, und Danleske Grösse kann einem Werk zugeschrieben werden, das
nicht von Dante stammt.”【In colloquial French, “Dantesque” means “colossal”,
“inouï”.】De Sanctis, however, says: “Mi sembrano aggettivi
peggiorati nel sostantivo: una esagerazione, una caricatura del loro
sostantivo. Voglio il puro e non il purismo... vero e non verismo” (Saggi critici, ed. L. Russo, III, p. 296).
T.S. Eliot: “Tradition & the Individual Talent”: “... the historical
sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its
presence.... what happens when a new work of art is created is something that
happens simultaneously to all the works of art which preceded it. The existing
monuments form an ideal order among themselves, which is modified by the
introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them. The existing
order is complete before the new work arrives; for order to persist after the
supervention of novelty, the whole
existing order must be, if ever so slightly, altered” (Selected Prose, ed. John Hayward, “Penguin Books”, p. 23). The “historical
sense” is very Crocean, cf. supra 第七三四則 on Hebbel: “Philosophie und Kunst”; Robert Weimann, in spite of his
conscientious endeavour to see the “New Criticism” in a European perspective,
has apparently done no homework on Croce — witness the following passage on
Eliot who “über E.R. Curtius auf die deutschsprachige Literaturwissenschaft
wirkte”: “In Europäische Literatur und
Lateinisches Mittelalter finden sich einige Grundkonzeptionen Eliot (z.b.
S. 22: ‘Für die Literatur ist alle vergangenheit Gegenwart...’) sowie wörtliche
zitate aus den Selected Essays” (“New Criticism” und die Entwicklung
burgerlicher Literaturwissenschaft, S. 68). Weimann later remedied this
oversight in “The Concept of Tradition Reconsidered” (Yearbook of Comparative & General Literature, 1974) & said
that Eliot’s idea is “anticipated” & “foreshadowed” in Croce’s Teoria e storia della storiografia, pp.
4-5 & La Poesia, p. 132 (pp.
38-9). Curious enough, even Gian N.G. Orsini, for all his zeal to prove the
influence of Croce upon contemporary literary theory has overlooked this
capital point in his book Benedetto
Croce: Philosopher of Art & Literary Critic. For the rest, cf.
Claude-Edmonde Magny, Les Sandales
d’Empédocle, p. 21: “La présent modifié passé tout autant que celui-ci agit
sur lui. Grâce à cette critique prospective, conservatrice et révolutionnaire
tout à la fois, les oeuvres novatrices viendront préserver les chefs-d’oeuvre
anciens de l’immortalité poussiéreuse del la gloria, tandis qu’elles-mêmes y
gagneront respectabilité.... l’obscurité de Mallarmé justifie, après coup,
celle de Scève, fait apparaître l’extrême condensation des dizains de la Délie comme autre chose qu’une impasse
de la poésie française, nous révéte une aspiration, une tentation éternelle de
celle-ci”; Jean Wahl, A Short History of
Existentialism, tr, by F. Williams & S. Mason, p. 9: “It remains no
less true that we are able to recognize these early prefigurations of the
philosophy of existence [in St. Augustine, Pascal, Kant, Schelling] only
because a Kierkegaard existed”; Alfred Anger, Deutsche Rokoko-
Dichtung: Ein Forschungsbericht, S. 16: “Hat man der expressionistischen Bewegung einen nicht
unwichtigen Anteil an der Entdeckung des Barock zugeschrieben, so wird man Ähnliches
vom Impressionismus für die Wiederentdeckung des Rokoko sagen müssen”; Mario
Fubini, Critica
e Poesia, p.
8: “Sappiamo come ogni nuova civiltà artistica, ogni nuova opera poetica ci
faccia leggere con nuovi occhi le opere del passato e ce ne riproponga il
problema... Non per questo, come si soleva anni or sono, parleremo di un ‘nostro
Dante’, o di un ‘nostro Leopardi’; espressioni offensive per Dante e per
Leopardi e criticamente errate”; Luigi Pareyson is frankly indebted to Eliot
for the following passage in his Estetica,
2a ed., 1960, p. 142: “E se è vero, che ogni opera modifica
radicalmente la tradizione, nel senso che la rimette interamente in questione,
non é men vero che ciò non accade se l’artista non l’ha interpretata e
assimilata per renderla operante in sé stesso” etc. (cf. p. 291, note, where Eliot
is quoted).【Bergson’s penetrating observation in La Pensée et le mouvant, pp. 23-4: “Rien
ne nous empêche aujourd’hui de rattacher le romantisme du dix-neuvième siècle à
ce qu’il y avait déjà de romantique chez les classiques. Mais l’aspect
romantique du classicisme ne s’est dégagé que par l’effet rétroactif du
romantisme une fois apparu... Rétroactivement sur le classicisme, comme le
dessin de l’artiste sur ce nuage. Rétroactivement il a créé sa propre
préfiguration dans le passé, et une explication de lui-même par ses
antécédents... Les signes avant-coureurs ne sont donc à nos yeux des signes que
parce que nous connaissons maintenant la course” etc.; cf. Proust, La Prisonnière, II, p. 187: “On entend
rétrospectivement quand on a compris.”】七五○則眉[33]。【[補七四九則論 “Tradition
& Individual talent, Retrospetive prefiguration”]Nietzsche, Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Bd. II,
Abt. i, §147: “Jeder spätere Meister, welcher den Geschmack der Kunst-Geniessenden
in seine Bahn lenkt, bringt
unwillkürlich eine Auswahl und Neu-Abschätzung der älteren Meister und ihrer
Werte hervor: das ihm Gemässe und Verwandte, das ihn Vorschmeckende und Ankündigende in Jenen gilt von jetzt ab als
das eigentlich Bedeutende an ihnen
und ihren Werken — eine Frucht, in der gewöhnlich ein grosser Irrthum als Wurm verborgen steckt” (Werke, hrsg. K. Schlechta, I, 793). Cf.
D.W. Winnicott, Playing & Reality
(1971): “The baby creates the object, but the object was there waiting to be
created” (J. Gross, The Oxford Book of
Aphorisms, p. 29); J.L. Borges: “Kafka y sus precursores”: “El hecho es que
cada escritor crea a sus precursores. Su labor modifica nuestra concepción del
pasado, como ha de modificar el futuro” (Otras
Inquisiciones, Alianza Emecé, 1979, p. 109).】
Imbrie Buffum, Agrippa d’Aubigné’s
Les Tragiques, p. 35: “Perhaps the most horrifying [episode of cannibalism]
occurs in Misères, 510-562. A mother,
overcome by hunger, seizes a knife & kills her own child. Then: ‘De sa
lèvre ternie il sort des feux ardents, / Elle n’apprête plus les lèvres, mais
les dents, / Et des baisers changés en avides morsures. / La faim achève tout
de trois rudes blessures.’” The conscientious, pedestrian author fails to
recall Dante’s Ugolino episode with its pregnant line: “Poscia, più che il
dolor, poté il digiuno”[34]
(Inf. xxxiii. 75, Opere, ed. E Moore & P. Toynbee, p.
48; cf. G. Giusti: “Di due versi dell’‘Inferno’” in Prose e Poesie Scelte, ed. Ulrico Hoepli, p. 108) & this misses
the opportunity of contrasting Dante’s wonderful restraint with d’Aubigné’s
baroque exuberance (see infra 七五三則).【杜甫〈彭衙行〉:“痴女饑咬我,啼畏虎狼聞。”】【Hugo’s Misère (Les Années Funestes, no.
48): “... Ni maïs, ni pain. Ils broutent l’herbe. / Et l’arabe devient
épouvantable et fou. / On rencontre, une femme au fond de quelque trou, / Accroupie,
et mangeant avec un air étrange. / — Qu’est-ce que tu, fais là? — Hé bien, j’ai
faim, je mange. / ... / — Cette chair qu’en grondant ronge ta bouche amère, / Qu’est-ce?
— C’est un enfant que j’avais, dit la mère” (Oeuv. poét. comp., Éd. B. Valiquette, p. 770).】【《法苑珠林》卷六十二引《報恩經》子割肉救父母饑事。】
Fr. Schlegel, Literary Notebooks,
ed. Hans Eichner, p. 27, §86: “Shakespeares Trauerspiele sind gemtscht aus der
classischen Tragödie und dem Roman.”
This is almost a refrain in the Notebooks;
& A.W. Schlegel also calls Shakepeare’s plays “Romanspiele” (see Eichner’s
long note on p. 227). No one seems to have noticed that Rivarol in a
characteristically 18th-century French denunciation of Shakespeare
had already said: “Les tragédies de Shakespeare ne sont que des romans dialogués...”
(Discours sur l’universalité de la langue
française, 1784; Rivarol, Écrits
politiques et littéraires, chosen by V.-H. Debidour, p. 61). Again,
Schopenhauer seems to have taken a hint from Rivarol: “... le goût exige cette
heureuse imposture. Mais il veut l’entrevoir; et c’est ce qui explique le
dégoût et môme l’horreur que nous causent les imitations en cire... Le
sculpteur et le peintre ont animé la toile et amolli le marbre; et lui, il a
roidi les chairs, figé le sang et glacé le regard” (Sur l’homme intellectuel et moral, op. cit., p. 55): “Denn sie lassen der Phantasie nichts zu thun
übrig. Die Skulptur nämlich giebt die blosse Form, ohne die Farbe; die Malerei
giebt die Farbe, aber den blossen Schein der Form: Beide also wenden sich an
die Phantasie des Beschauers. Die Wachsfigur hingegen giebt Alles, Form und
Farbe zugleich” (Die Welt als Wille und
Vorstellung, Ergänzungen, Kap. 34, Sämtl.
Werk., hrsg. E. Grisebach, II, S. 478). Mario Praz in his discussion of wax
portraiture as the test case of the mimetic theory of art (The House of Life, Eng tr. by A. Davidson; cf. Belleza e Bizzarria, pp. 254 ff.), has overlooked both loci critici as well as Croce, Estetica, 10a ed., p. 20.
Pascal, Pensées, VI. 347:
“L’homme n’est qu’un roseau, le plus faible de la nature; mais c’est un roseau
pensant. Il ne faut pas que l’univers entier s’arme pour l’écraser : une
vapeur, une goutte d’eau, suffit pour le tuer. Mais, quand l’univers
l’écraserait, l’homme serait encore plus noble que ce qui le tue, puisqu’il
sait qu’il meurt, et l’avantage que l’univers a sur lui, l’univers n’en sait
rien” (éd. Victor Giraud, p. 189); VI. 397: “La grandeur de l’homme est grande
en ce qu’il se connaît misérable. Un arbre ne se connaît pas misérable” (p.
202). Cf. 程綿莊《青溪文集》卷七〈原心〉:“天地能生人,而與以人之心,此人之所以不如天地也。生於天地,而能全有天地之知能,此天地之所以不如人也。” But the moderns would reply to Pascal that what
constitutes man’s grandeur is the
very cause of his misère, & that
if a tree does not know itself to be wretched, it is on that account not
wretched all. Nietzsche, for instance, says in Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben, I: “Betrachte
die Herde, die an dir vorüberweidet: sie weiss nicht, was Gestern, was Heute
ist, springt umher, frisst, ruht, verdaut, springt wieder, und so vom Morgen
bis zur Nacht und von Tage zu Tage, kurz angebunden mit ihrer Lust und Unlust,
nämlich an den Pflock des Augenblicks, und deshalb weder schwermütig noch
überdrüssig... Der Mensch fragt wohl einmal das Tier: warum redest du mir nicht
von deinem Glücke und siehst mich nur an? Das Tier will auch antworten und
sagen: das kommt daher, dass ich immer gleich vergesse, was ich sagen wollte — da
vergass es aber auch schon diese Antwort und schwieg: so dass der Mensch sich
darob verwunderte” (Werke in 3 Bänden,
hrsg. K. Schlechta, I, S. 211); cf. Leopardi’s great poem: “Canto notturno di
un pastore errante dell’Asia”: “O greggia mia che posi, oh te beata, / che la
miseria tua, credo, non sai! / Quanta invidia ti porto!” etc. (Opere, a cura di S. Solmi, I, pp. 106-7).
Cf. Thomas Gray: “Ode on the Pleasure arising from Vicissitude”: “Yesterday the
sullen year / Saw the snowy whirlwind fly; / Mute was the music of the air, /
The herd stood drooping by: / Their raptures now that wildly flow, / No
yesterday, nor morrow know; / ’Tis man alone that joy descries / With forward, &
reverted eyes” (Oxf. Bk. of 18th-cent
Verse, p. 389); Burns: “To a Mouse” concluding stanza. Cf. Guido Gozzano: “La
Differenza”: “Penso e ripenso: — Che mai pensa l’oca / gracidante alla riva del
canale? / Pare felice! Al vespero invernale / protende il collo, giubilando
roca. // Salta starnazza si rituffa gioca: / né certo sogna d’essere mortale /
né certo sogna il prossimo Natale / né l’armi corruscanti della cuoca. // — O pàpera,
mia candida sorella, / tu insegni che la Morte non esiste: / solo si muore da
che s’è pensato. // Ma tu non pensi. La tua sorte è bella! / Ché l’esser
cucinato non è triste, / triste è il pensare d’esser cucinato” (Carlo Golino, Contemporary Italian Poetry, p. 2);
Friedrich Schnack: “Busch”: “Dir waren Jahre hold / Und Wasser ohne Zorn. / Du
blühtest auf von Gold / Bei Korn und Dorn. // Die Vögel kehrten ein, / Im
Erdenfeuer stand dein Saft. / Du warst mit dir allein / Und littest nicht an
Blut und Lidenschaft. // Der Regen kam zu dir, / Mit nackten Sohlen der geliebt
Wind. / Im Brand der Zeiten lebten wir, / Du aber weiss nicht, wie die Herzen
bitter sind. / ... / Du hast nicht Not. / Der grund auf dem du grünst, ist
dein. / Wir Kämpfen uns zu Tod / Und schlagen keine Wurzel ein” (Wm
Rose, A Book of Modern German Lyric Verse,
pp. 153-4); etc.【Cf. Hartley Coleridge: “To a Cat”: “The world would
just the same go round / If I were hang’d & thou wert drown’d; / There is
one difference, ’tis true, — Thou dost not know it, & I do.”】Gottfried
Benn: “O dass wir unsere Ururahnen wären. / Ein Klümpchen Schleim in einem
warmen Moor. / Leben und Tod, Befruchten und Gebären / glitte aus unseren
stummen Säften vor” (Gesam. Werk. in 4
Bänden, hrsg. D. Wellershoff, III, S. 25). Thought, memory & emotion —
the most characteristically human in human consciousness — are considered the
source of man’s unhappiness. This is a further elaboration of the
Rousseauist thesis that “l’homme qui médite
est un animal dépravé” (cf. A.O. Lovejoy, Essays in the History of Ideas, “Capricorn
Books”, pp. 14 ff.). See supra 第七三五則 on《全唐文》卷三八三元結〈七不如〉. Keats’s beautiful “Stanzas” on happy
insensibility (“In a drear-nighted December, / Too happy, happy tree, / Thy
branches ne’er remember / Their green felicity: / ... // In a drear-nighted
December, / Too happy, happy brook, / Thy bubblings ne’er remember / Apollo’s
summer look; / But with a sweet forgetting, / They stay their crystal fretting”)
has forestalled Nietzsche et al; “sweet
forgetting should read in connexion with Dante’s famous “Nessun maggior dolore /
che ricordarsi del tempo felice / nella miseria”[35]
(Inf. V. 121-3; La Divina Commedia, ed. N. Sapegno, p. 67); cf. E. Durant: “Que d’un
plaisir perdu triste est le souvenir” (A.J. Steele, Three Centuries of French Verse, p. 119); G. Du Maurier, Trilby: “Félicité passée / Qui ne peux
revenir, / Tourment de ma pensée, / Que n’ay-je, en te perdant, perdu le
souvenir!” (“Everyman’s Lib.” ed., p. 130).
七五○[36]
明錫山三中生删定稿本《疑雨集》
雜書:
韓君平〈送客水路歸陝〉云:「枕上未醒秦地酒,舟前已見陝人家。」開後世法門。視顏延年〈赭白馬賦〉之「旦刷幽燕,晝秣荊越」[37]、杜少陵〈驄馬行〉之「晝洗須騰涇渭深,朝趨可刷幽并夜」、李太白〈天馬歌〉之「鷄鳴刷燕晡秣越」,彌見情理。視韋蘇州〈寄大梁諸友〉之「一為風水便,但見山川馳;昨日次睢陽,今夕宿符離」[38],較不粘滯。夢文子《夢喜堂詩》卷四〈瓜步〉云:「渚氣喧蘆洲,遙汀曠清曙;枕猶蕪城夢,夢醒忽瓜步」;朱吉人《春橋詩選》《嘉禾八子詩選》第二種卷一〈余有江淮之行吳竹嶼張少華曹成敫楓橋話別揚帆直下傍午已過梁溪矣賦此寄之〉云:「解纜曉聞吳苑雨,烹茶午汲惠山泉」,皆君平遺製也。參觀七六一則論〈離騷〉之「朝發軔於蒼梧,夕余至乎懸圃。」【繁欽〈避地賦〉《水經注‧濟水二》:「朝余發乎泗洲,夕余宿於留鄉。」】【《全唐詩》呂巖〈絕句‧之十六〉:「朝遊北越暮蒼梧,袖裏青蛇胆氣粗。」】
〇《藏弆集》卷二王相說〈與宮紫元〉云[39]:「秀才要中兩榜,如一日定於兩餐,定一餐便饑,決不可耐。中後做官如飲酒,興會所至,不妨多數行。或主人意懈,或席有罵坐客,便可拂袖去,亦不少個甚。」按《春在堂隨筆》卷十引此牘云:「此語甚隽。吾生平兩餐已具,但少飲幾杯酒耳。」王壬秋〈天影庵詩存序〉(《大中華》第一卷第九期)云:「保之因笑:『君慕詞林,五子中乃無一詞林。若在道光朝,皆不得比士大夫,敢言詩乎!君固詞林才,佹得卒失,餘四子皆未第進士。明人有云:「進士如朝饔夕飱,官如酒肴。人可無酒肴,不可一日不食。」然則四子皆餓夫,君猶幸不飢,則詩固未窮也』」云云,亦正指此。「敢言詩乎」句,參觀賀貽孫《詩筏》論徐青籐云:「近日持論者貶剝文長,蓋薄其為諸生耳。諺云:『進士好吟詩。』信哉」;《魏伯子文集》卷八〈次侯馬見樓壁上諸官詩題此〉云:「笑我家貧難買賦,羨君官大好題詩」(按徐凝〈和夜題玉泉寺〉云:「風清月冷水邊宿,詩好官高能幾人?」);《鏡花緣》第十八回唐敖道:「世人只知道『紗帽底下好題詩』」;袁祖光《綠天香雪簃詩話》卷四摘張廣文句云:「容易醉人紅袖酒,最難名世白衣詩。」
〇趙堯生〈香宋詩鐘話〉云:「石遺曰:『星海有魂而無魄,樊、易有魄而無魂。』余論甚粗,方在形貌;星海形貌猶不完固,未暇議及魂魄也」[40]《青鶴》第三卷第十九期。按梅伯言《柏梘山房文集》卷六〈練伯穎遺書書後〉云:「凡人長於考證記問者,其魄强也,長於文章義理者,其魂强也」云云。石遺隱本此說,移以論詩,其評梁髯,亦如東坡之嘆孟襄陽如造法酒手而乏料耳。伯言所言,實桐城老輩遺說。戴潛虛《南山全集》卷四〈程偕柳稿序〉:「昔者余亡友方百川之論文也,曰:『文之為道順,有魂焉以行乎其中,文而無魂焉,不可作也。』余嘗推其意而論之曰:凡有形者謂之魄,無形者謂之魂;有魄而無魂,則僵且腐而復無有所謂物矣。今夫文之為道,行墨字句其魄也,而所謂魂焉者,出之而不覺、視之而無迹者也」云云,蓋本《禮記‧祭義》宰我問鬼神之名節鄭注孔疏來。沖遠概括為「形為魄,氣為魂」,又「精靈為魂,形體為魄。」于慎行《穀山筆麈》云:「神屬目為明,知屬耳為聰。神以知來,即人之悟性,謂之明;知以藏往,即人之記性,謂之聰。……有悟性者,資質發揚,屬陽,魂之屬也;有記性者,資質沉著,屬陰,魄之屬也」;李開先《中麓閒居集》卷十〈對山康修撰傳〉:「嘗曰:『經籍、古人之魄也,有魂焉;吾得其魂而已矣』」;《牧齋有學集》卷十七〈宋子建遙和集序〉:「江[淹]之言曰:『蛾眉詎同貌,而俱動於魄;芳草寧共氣,而皆悅於魂。』論詩而至於『動魂』、『悦魄』,精矣微矣!推而極之,三百篇、〈騷〉、〈雅〉以迄唐後之詩,皆古人之魄也。千秋已往,窮塵未來,片什染神,單詞刺骨,揚之而色飛,沉之而心死,非魄也,其魂也。鍾嶸之稱〈十九首〉『驚心動魄,一字千金』,正此物也。如其不爾,則玄黄律呂,金碧浮沉,皆象物也,皆死(化)生也。雖其駢花儷葉,餘波綺麗,亦將化為陳羹塗飯,而矧其諓諓者乎!子建所和之詩,皆魄也,有魂焉以尸之。經營將迎,意匠怳忽,所謂『動魄』、『悦魂』者,江氏能知之,而子建能言之。」[41]《全唐文》卷 782 李商隱〈奠相國令狐文〉:「浮魂沉魄」,亦此旨。《朱文公集》卷 47〈答呂子約‧之四〉:「雜書云:『魂、人陽神也;魄、人陰神也』」,亦可徵。《西青散記》卷一蕭紅降乩曰:「字有魂魄,焚時煙上騰為魂,灰下墜為魄。」
〇《永樂大典》卷一萬四千七百七「度」字引曾疑當作「鄭」文寶《雜說》云:「虛度:好家緣常炒鬧,花時多病,閹官美婦。」按此見《義山雜纂》。《敦煌掇瑣》第七十七種〈雜抄〉一名《珠玉雜抄》亦其體也(「十種劄室之事」與《義山雜纂》「強會」條多同,「五不達時宜者」、「五無恥知者」亦與《雜纂》「不達時宜」條十三事、「無所知」條十三事多同)。《說郛》卷五載王君玉《續纂》、蘇軾《二續》、《皇明百家小說》載黃允交《雜纂三續》,他如張功甫《南湖集》卷七〈玉照堂觀梅〉、《貪歡報》第二十回〈書畫金湯〉按陳眉公作,亦見《圖書集成》卷七百九十六《藝術典》,均為繼構。《一夕話》卷一又有「想當然」數十條,即黃允交《三纂》(如「勸不得」云:「妒妻罵妾、老人說遠年事、貪小便宜、俗漢作詩」等;「强陪奉」云:「病夫請客、老娶少妻」等)。徐樹丕《識小錄》卷四〈風俗粲〉云:「昔李義山、王君玉、蘇子瞻各有此戲作,但時地相違,蒐擷未盡。此更引彼古情,廣以今事,涕豈附於長沙,謔或同夫曼倩,亦博覽者一粲云爾」,有「少思算」、「難理會」等三十一門,則采摭《雜纂》等為之,增益無多也。《聊齋志異》卷七〈沂水秀才〉則附「不可耐事」(「市井人作文語」、「秀才裝名士」、「旁觀諂態」、「歪詩文強人觀聽」、「作滿洲調」等),亦此體。
〇《鷄肋編》卷上記燕地:「賓客相過,以婦侍宿。」按即 “die gastliche
Prostitution” (詳見 Ploss, Bartels & Bartels, Woman,
tr. by John Dingwall, II, p. 117)。Marco
Polo《游記》第五十八章記哈密 (Camul) 亦有此俗,至云舉國之婦皆使所天戴綠頭巾。
〇《天真閣外集》卷一〈慰個人〉云:「往事前塵付逝波,何須清淚滴銀河。仙家瑤草原無種,不似桃花結子多。」按《毛西河詩話》載其妄。曼殊〈自歎無子〉云:「春到園林草盡芽,夭桃何事不開花。」Donne: “The Anagram”: “Beauty is barren oft; best husbands say, / There
is best land, where there is foulest way” (Complete
Poetry & Selected Prose, ed. John Hayward, p. 67). 李笠翁《一家言》卷五〈佳偶行贈錢子照五〉云:「宜家更復宜男女,面似桃花腹似榴。」可參觀。
〇子瀟艷體步趨次回,輸其本色白描。《天真閣集》卷二十六〈無題〉第二首:「越女如花照溪水,自憐巧笑不如顰」,仿《疑雨集》卷四第五首之「心事自溫顏自冷,始知嬌笑不如顰」;《外集》卷四〈寒妝〉:「笑把手抄詩一卷,問郎堪否號書生」,又〈別有所感〉:「瑤京曾侍阿環旁,熟極雙鬟郭密香;若論風姿真絕似,爭差笑靨要端詳」云云,仿《疑雨集》卷四〈阿鎖詩〉第十二首之「纖手待操青鎖鑰,問郎堪否便當家」及〈左姬閒話〉之「江南花下綠窗明,有個同伊一字名。(中略)爭差笑靨些些露,相似眉彎略略平」,而風致遠遜,矯揉湊合之迹顯然矣。參觀六三三則眉論龔定庵絕句脫胎次回處。又按袁子才以歸愚《明詩別裁》不收次回,致書爭之,今見集中,世多知之。焦袁熹《此木軒詩》卷五〈戲題絕句‧之四十六〉:「中原吾輩主文盟謂歷下,何似後來王彦泓。香匲一卷在人口,九竅香生動七情七子等似杜,非真杜也;彥泓似韓致堯,乃真韓矣。」黃𢈪堂與焦同鄉友好,《𢈪堂集》卷二十一〈詹言下〉稱《疑雨集》云:「韶華有榮落,而吐穎長春;境遇有菀枯,而散津皆綺。不惟才情富溢,抑由志力強忍矣。其用事皆有來處,嘗為之注」云云,皆賞音早於子才數十年。焦以老廣文具眼,尤不易也。《國朝詩別裁集》卷二十張篤慶下云:「胎源溫、李,神致動人。再降一格,則為王次回之《疑雨集》矣,作詩不可不防其漸。」則似隱答隨園之諍,仍持前見也。王笠舫《綠雪堂遺集》卷十四〈有誦疑雨集者作此示之〉第一首有云:「綺靡即今猶作俑,淫奔自古不存詩。祖龍已死囊螢在,付與荼毗尚恨遲」;卷十六〈雜詠〉第八首有云:「善哉䱐溪翁,不錄疑雨集。隨園喜俳諧,操戈與墨詰」,蓋與歸愚張目。【《養一齋詩話》痛斥《疑雨集》「為妖中之妖,玷污風雅,竹垞稱之,誤後學」;《思益堂日札》卷六謂「窗下有時思夢笑」一聯「不過寫一憨慵女子情態,此是四農從淫蕩處著想。」】賀黃公為次回鄉後輩,頗推尊之,《皺水軒詞筌》稱次回「詞不多作,而善改昔人詞,殊有添毫頰上之致。」《潛邱札記》卷二記黃公誦次回二句云:「舞鬢溜釵鬆翡翠,歌唇嘗酒濕珊瑚。」吳修齡《圍爐詩話》中稱引黃公連篇累牘,却不及次回,豈學玉溪而悶僿者,固不能解學冬郎而輕靈者耶?
〇《竹隱畸士集》卷四〈嘲詠詩〉云:「堯俗雖勤儉,并兒可嘆嗟。井牽長頸盎,山駕破轅車。八月霜如霰,三春雹似瓜。頭蓬非願女,膏沐欠油麻。」按《天祿識餘》卷一云:「《禹貢》八州有貢物,而冀州獨無。冀即今之山西,土瘠天寒,生物鮮少,自古為然」[42];《蘿摩亭札記》卷七云:「前明時,吾鄉人尚氣節、樹功名。國朝乃多商賈,崇儉而吝。歐陽文忠〈試筆〉一條云:『嘗見王文康公戒其子弟,謂生平不以全幅紙作封皮。文康,太原人。世以晉人喜嗇資談笑,信有是哉』」;《詩緯‧含神霧》云:「唐地磽确,其人儉而蓄積。」【歐公〈明因大師塔記〉:「余過其廬,……問其何許,曰:『本太原農家也。』因與語曰:『《詩‧唐風》言晉本唐之俗,……且詩多以儉刺。……其民俗何若?信若《詩》之所謂乎?《詩》去今千餘歲矣,猶若《詩》之時乎?其亦隨世而遷變也?』曰:『樹麻而衣,陶瓦而食,築土而室。甘辛苦,薄滋味。歲耕日積,有餘則窖而藏之,率千百年不輒發。其勤且儉,誠有古之遺風,至今而不變也。』」】
〇《華嚴經》卷九〈初發心菩薩功德品〉云:「一切解即是一解,一解即是一切解。」按《五燈會元》卷一僧璨〈信心銘〉亦云:「一即一切,一切即一」(淨覺《楞伽師資記‧璨禪師傳》無此〈銘〉,而載其〈詳玄傳〉疑當作「賦」,自注:「有云:『一即一切,一切即一』」),柳柳州《柳先生集》卷六〈龍安海禪師碑〉所謂「推一而適萬,則事無非真;混萬而歸一,則真無非事。」【《維摩詰所說經‧文殊師利問疾品第五》:「我及涅槃,此二皆空」[43],肇注:「即事無不異,即理無不一」;《二程全書》卷十四明道語:「《中庸》始言一理,中散為萬事,末復合為一理。」】【賢首《華嚴金獅子章‧論五教第六》:「一切即一,皆同無性。一即一切,因果歷然。」】Giordano Bruno, Spaccio de la
Bestia trionfante, Dialogo I: “... la unità è nel numero infinito ed il
numero infinito nell’unità... l’unità è uno infinito implicito, e l’infinito è la
unità explicita” (Opere di G. Bruno e di
T. Campanella, ed. A. Guzzo e R. Americo, p. 517); Schopenhauer, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, Vorrede
zur 1sten Auflage: [on a philosophic system]: “der ganze Gedanke durch jeden
Theil an Deutlichkeit gewinnt und auch der kleinste Theil nicht völlig
verstanden werden kann, ohne dass schon das Ganze vorher verstanden sei” (Sämtl. Werke, hrsg. J. Frauenstädt, 2te
Auf., Bd. II, S. viii); George Herbert: “Providence”: “Thou art in small things
great, not small in any: / Thy even praise can neither rise, nor fall. / Thou
art in all things one, in each thing many: / For thou art infinite in one &
all” (Works, ed. E.F. Hutchinson, p. 118). 實則談藝亦證此境:Luigi
Pareyson, Estetica, 2a
ed., 1960, p. 86: “... perché il tutto reclama e dispone le parti e quindi ogni
parte contiene ed evoca il tutto” esc.。又 Dilthey 所謂 “Der
hermeneutische Zirkel” 亦本斯理:“Aus den einzelnen Worten und deren Verbindungen
soll das Ganze eines Werkes verstanden werden, und doch setzt das volle
Verständnis des Einzelnen schon das des Ganzen voraus” (Gesam. Schriften, hrsg. W. Misch, et al, Bd. V, S.330; cf. R. Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism, II, p. 308 quoting Schleiermacher;
also E. Staiger, Die
Kunst der Interpretation, S.
11-2 invoking Heidegger)。Croce 言之最妙:“comprendere un’opera d’arte è comprendere e le
parti nel tutto... Bisogna, di certo, analizzare gli elementi dell’opera, ossia
le parti del tutto; ma le parti di quel
tutto, non le parti di tutti i tutti, o di qualisiasi tutto” (E. Bullough, Cambridge Readings in Italian Literature,
pp. 277 & 279),即《孟子‧萬章篇》所謂「故說詩者,不以文害詞,不以詞害志;以意逆志,是為得之」之旨。《戴東原集》卷十〈古經解鈎沉序〉云:「嗚呼,經之至者,道也;所以明道者,其詞也;所以成詞者,未有能外小學文字者也。由文字以通乎語言,由語言以通乎古聖賢之心志,譬之適堂壇之必循其階,而不可以躐等」[44](卷三〈爾雅注疏箋補序〉、卷十一〈沈學子文集序〉、〈題惠定宇先生授經圖〉、〈鄭學齋記〉略同)。而同卷〈毛詩補傳序〉云:「余私謂《詩》之詞不可知矣,得其志則可以通乎其詞。作《詩》者之志愈不可知矣,斷以『思無邪』之一言,則可以通乎其志。」【程大昌〈演繁露自序〉已開此說。】兩篇議論鑿枘矛盾,而未能合而通觀其相反相成,遂墮邊際而不得中榷。錢竹汀《潛研堂文集》卷三十九〈戴先生震傳〉云:「嘗謂:『夫文字之未能通,妄謂通其語言,語言之未能通,妄謂通其心志,此惑之甚者』」(卷二十四〈臧玉林經義雜說序〉云:「六經者,聖人之言,因其言以求其義,則必自詁訓始。謂詁訓外别有義理,如桑門以不立文字為最上乘者,非吾儒之學也」)。凌次仲《校禮堂文集》卷三十五〈戴東原先生事略狀〉亦稱引曰:「既通其詞,始求其心,然後古聖賢之心,不為異學曲說所汩亂。」皆推波助瀾,舉此失彼。文字,所謂「一」也;心志,所謂「一切」也。知一一而知一切,知一切而知一一者,交相為同者也。段若膺〈戴東原先生年譜〉[45]:「先生言:『總須體會孟子「條理」二字,務要得其條理,由合而分,由分而合,則無不可為。』」[46]是矣而未盡,當云「分不失合,合不妨分」耳。【定盫《己亥雜詩》「張杜西京說外家」一首自注[47]:「外王父金壇段先生授以許氏部目,是平生以經說字,以字說經之始。」】
〇尚喬客鎔《持雅堂詩集》卷三〈虬髯歌〉云:「奇人自古埋名字,況恐浮名居第二?請君讀我虬髯歌,虬髯生長忘其地。吳人共泛孝廉船,船抵高郵遇少年。貌如霞照孤峯雪,才似風翻萬壑泉。眾人色授魂相與,月夜游湖邀共語。座上厭厭酒半酣,少年出笛嬌聲吐。一曲未能終落梅,虬髯飄爾登舟來。脚騰已見少年死,俯首艙中齊乞哀。虬髯一笑牽羣袖,我來禦寇非為寇。笛為嗃矢色為媒,不見萑苻已爭湊【『客曰:「公等非赴試者耶?」曰:「然。」「有重資耶?」曰:「有之。願獻賊,賊毋殺我。」客笑曰:「余不殺賊,賊真且殺公。適吹笛號眾者是也」』】。虬髯一繖隨身行,斷柄突出雙劍橫。賊頭自向劍端落,劍花有影人無聲。眾人固請同北上,既渡黃河辭獨往。一人忽值禮闈中,始知虬髯登乙榜。虬髯入闈酒脯多,不受吳人饋燕窩。長揖尊前問名姓,醉飽無言尋睡魔。明宵喚醒怒而作,驚去元神何報虐。平生恥作第二人,書贈吳人去如鶴【『次日午晌,舉子文己畢,將繕寫,心德客,慮其沉睡將不克終卷,欲以己餘勇賈之。遂呼客,客大恚曰:「豎子敗吾事,斷送會元矣!……毛生毛生,豈非命也」』】。一朝榜放名相符,偏覓虬髯形影無。神龍之尾原難見,乃悔從前相識粗。天下於今太平久,奇人事外多衰朽。虬髯尚向禮闈來,試更滄浪尋釣叟。」[48] 按樂蓮裳《耳食錄》卷一「毛生」條所記全同,僅云:「前明熹廟時,天下多故。……洪州數舉子入都,挾資頗重,道淮徐之間」與此異耳。《霞外捃屑》好考訂筆記小說,卷八下又詳摘香客句什,獨不及是〈歌〉,何耶?
〇陳梓古民《陳一齋先生文集》卷三〈與松巖〉:「填詞不特壞詩格,且壞人品。鬚眉丈夫,乃敘兒女子閨閣中語,不大可羞耶?宋人詞非不佳,然皆靡曼之音。金、元禍,未必非諸文人兆之也。」按邵子湘《青門麓稿》卷十一〈與賀天山‧之三〉云:「詩餘填詞,幾塞破此世界,詩道那不日劣?恨不一付祖龍處置也」;程綿莊《青溪文集》卷九〈與家魚門書〉云:「駢體最病於文,詩餘最病於詩。欲為古人之詩文者,當為淫聲美色以遠之可也。」
〇李元仲《寒支初集》卷一〈看月〉云[49]:「日見海天低,夜見海風苦。海水浴天時,星辰皆作雨。惟月下海中,百道金光聚。波響月可聽,波來月可取。試問山中人,月來幾寒暑?」亦見王于一《四照堂詩集》卷一,隻字不異。按其筆致巉刻,當是李詩而誤入王集者。《晚晴簃詩滙》卷十八選此詩入于一名下,蓋不知其兩見也。
〇《古今談概》卷三十五引諺云:「禽獸淫,無恥而有節;人淫,有恥而無節。」按 Giordano Bruno, Candelaio,
Atto I, Scena III : “BARTOLOMEO: Dite, Messer Bonifacio,
che non siamo come le bestie, ch’hanno il coito servile solamente per l’atto
della generazione; però hanno determinata legge del tempo e loco: come gli
asini a i quali il sole, particulare e principalemente il maggio, scalda la
schena, ed in climi caldi e temperati generano... noi altri in ogni tempo e
loco” (Opere di Giordano Bruno e di Tommaso
Campanella, a cura di A. Guzzo e di R. Amerio, p. 59)。又 Spaccio de la Bestia trionfante, Dialogo I: “SOFIA: [Giove] gli [a Gupido] ha
fatto strettissimo mandato che... l’amor de gli uomini faccia simile a quello
de gli altri animali, facendoli a certe e determinate stagioni inamorare, e
così, come a li gatti” ecc. (Ib., pp.
479-80); Anatomy of Melancholy, “Democritus Junior to the Reader”: “When a boar is
thirsty” etc. (George Bell, I, 52); Gulliver’s
Travels, Pt. IV, ch. 7: “In this they differed from [the brutes] that the
she Yahoo would admit the males while
she was pregnant” (“Oxford Standard Authors” ed., p. 312; in chapter 6: “I told
him... that we ate when we were not hungry, & drank without the provocation
of thirst”); Voltaire, Dict. Philos.,
art. “Amour”: “... enfin tu peux dans tous les temps te livrer à l’amour, et
les animaux n’ont qu’un temps marqué”
(Oeuv. Comp., éd. Moland, XVII, p. 193); Le Mariage de Figaro, II. xxi: “ANTONIO: Boire sans soif et faire
l’amour en tout temps, madame, il n’y a que ça qui nous distingue des autres
bêtes” (Théâtre, ed. by Maurice Rat, “Classiques
Garnier”, p. 242); A. Dumas fils, Monsieur
Alphonse, Préface:
“Une fois le besoin satisfait, une fois l'acte accompli, sous certaines
influences de saisons et de contrées, l’animal perd tout souvenir de la
sensation perçue, il rompt tout lien avec son conjoint, et, au bout d’un certain
temps, avec son produit... L’homme, au contraire,... dispose, pour l’amour, de
toutes les saisons et de toutes les latitudes” (Théâtre Complet, Calmann-Lévy, VI, p. 6); Somerset Maugham, A Writer’s Notebook: “The Professor of
Gynaecology. He began his course of lectures as follows: Gentlemen, woman is an
animal that micturates once a day, defecates once a week, menstruates once a
month, parturates once a year and copulates whenever she has the opportunity. I
thought it a prettily-balanced sentence” (“The Collected Edition”, Heinemann,
p. 12); Henry de Montherlant, Carnets,
Gallimard, 1957, p. 23: “Forniquer tout le temps. Les gens disent: ‘Comme les
bêtes.’ Mais le propre des bêtes est de ne forniquer que par époques, et le
reste du temps de s’en fiche, c’est-à-dire d’être, sur ce point, bien plus ‘spirituelles’
que l’homme”。按動物學家之說,猴亦如人:“Females have no rutting seasons but accept males
at all times. Males are sexually attracted by any adult or adolescent female at
any time, also interested in females of other species, snake, puppy, human
infant, etc.” (V.F. Calverton, The Making
of Man, p. 39 引諸家說)。
〇《莊子‧胠篋篇》:「彼竊鈎者誅,竊國者為諸侯。」按《墨子‧非攻上》:「今小為非(竊桃李,攘犬豕鷄豚),則知而非之;大為非攻國,則不知非,從而譽之,謂之義」(又〈天志下〉);《呂氏春秋‧聽言篇》:「今人曰:『某氏多貨,其室培濕,守狗死,其勢可穴也』,則必非之矣。曰:『某國饑,其城郭庳,其守具寡,可襲而篡之』,則不非之,乃不知類矣。」Boswell 記 John Donaldson 云:“We admire
extension. One who kills a single man is abhorred; but a man-killer, a hero who
has destroyed numbers, is a high character” (The Ominous Years, ed. Charles Ryskamp and F.A. Pottle, p. 183;
entry of Nov. 17, 1775)。而 Rivarol 言之最深切著明:“Notre sensibilité pour tout ce qui respire et souffre
comme nous, est sujète à la loi des proportions. Nous paraissons moins cruels en
écrasant un insecte, qu’en tuant un oiseau, un animal à sang blanc, qu’un
animal à sang rouge, et nous engloutissons une huître vivante
sans horreur.... La gloire et la honte, le succès et la puissance dépendent
encore des proportions: elles séparent le meurtrier du héros ,
et le voleur du conquérant. Si vous ne trompez que quelques personnes, vous ne
vous tirerez pas du rang des fourbes; mais celui qui trompe tout un peuple, s’élève
à la législature et à l’empire... Il en est de même de l’or et de ses
corruptions: ‘la quantité rend excusable’, dit Lafontaine” (De l’Homme, in Écrits politiques et littéraires, selected by V.H. Debidour, p. 78)。參觀 G.B.
Casti, La Lampada di S. Antonio, iii:
“Degno è di gloria quei che ruba un regno, / Chi ruba poco d’un capestro è
degno” (G. Fumagalli, Chi l’ha detto?,
9a ed., p. 151); Schiller, Die
Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua, III. ii: “Es ist schimpflich, eine Börse
zu leeren, es ist frech, eine Million zu veruntreuen — aber es ist namenlos gross,
eine Krone zu stehlen. Die Schande nimmt ab mit der wachsenden Sünde”; Diderot,
Le Neveu de
Rameau, éd.
critique par Jean Fabre, p. 72: “S’il importe d’être sublime en quelques
genres, c’est surtout en mal. On crache sur un petit filou, mais on ne peut
refuser une sorte de considération à un grand criminel”; Il Decamerone, X. iii: “Né ti vergognare d’avermi voluto uccidere
per divenir famoso, né credere che io me ne maravigli. I sommi imperadori e i
grandissimi re non hanno quasi con altra arte che d’uccidere, non uno uomo come
tu volevi fare ma infiniti, e ardere paesi e abbattere le città, li loro regni
ampliati e per conseguente la fama loro” (ed Ulrico Hoepli, p. 608); J.-H.
Fabre: “La guerre, l’art de tuer en grand et de faire avec gloire ce qui, fait
en petit, conduit à la potence” (Souvenirs entomologiques, ed. Delagrave, t. VIII, p. 131); Cardinal de Retz, La Conjuration de Fiesque in Oeuvres Complètes, éd “Les Grands
Écrivains de la France”, V, p. 534: “Le crime d’usurper une couronne est a si
illustre qu’il peut passer pour une vertu”【cf. Comparative Literature, Winter 1959, pp.
35 ff. on heroic villany (les grands crimes) vs. “les petites bassesses” of “un
âme abjecte”; Roger Peyrefitte, La Fin
des Ambassades, p. 256: “Un homme tué, c’est un crime ou un accident; mille,
c’estune catastrophe, dix mille, c’est une statistique”】。Hegel 所謂 “der Sprung
aus quantitativer Veränderung in qualitative” (Wissenschft der Logik, 3 Absch., 2 Kap., Anmerkung, Reclams
“Universal-Bibliothek”[51],
Bd. I, S. 490) 又得新解。【Cf. Frank Binder, Dialectic, pp. 39 ff. “the fallacy of judging men from their deeds
& not from their nature.”】參觀 Diderot, Lettres
à Sophie Volland, Juillet 14, 1762: “On s’accuseroit peut-être plus
aisément du projet d’un grand crime, que d’un petit sentiment obscur, vil et
bas” (éd. Gallimard, I, p. 237)。【St. Augustine, The
City of God, IV, iv [a pirate answering Alexander the Great’s accusation]: “Quod
tibi ut orbem terrarum; sed quia id ego exiguo nauigio facio, latro uocor; quia
tu magna classe, imperator” (Loeb, II, p. 16); “A rubar poco si va in galera, a
rubar tanto si fa carriera” (A. Arthaber, Dizionario
comparato di Proverbi, p. 601); cf. Cicero, Republic, 3.14.24.】【François Villon, Le Testament (the pirate Diomedes’s answer to Emperor Alexander); The City of God, IV, iv; Anatomy of Melancholy, “Democritus Junior to the Reader” (George Bell, I, 65-6);
La Rochefoucauld, Sentences, §608; Aristotle: “States decree the most
illustrious rewards, not to him who catches a thief, but to him who kills a
tyrant.”】【E. Young, Satires,
VII. 55-8: “One to destroy is murder by the law, / And gibbets keep the lifted
hand in awe; / To murder thousands takes a specious name, / War’s glorious art,
and gives immortal fame.”】【Charlie Chaplin, Monsieur Verdoux (film): “One murder makes a villain. Millions a hero.
Numbers sanctify” (F.S. Pepper, 20th
Century Quotations, p. 374).】
〇趙與時《賓退錄》卷十論山谷〈題畫睡鴨〉云:「『天下真成長會合,兩鳧相倚睡秋江。』余幼時不能解。每疑鴛鴦可言長會合,兩鳧則聚散不常,何可言長會合?後乃悟魯直所謂長會合,特指畫者耳。」[52]按天社《山谷內集註》卷七謂:「末語其意尤深,用吳融〈池上雙鳧〉詩意」云云,蓋衹見題為〈睡鴨〉,不知其詠畫也。《全宋詞》卷二百七十一曾寅孫〈減字木蘭花‧題溫日觀葡萄卷〉云:「露葉烟條,幾度西風吹不凋」,亦此意。餘見第六三一則論洪亮吉〈題張憶娘簪花圖〉。Hegel 所謂 “Was
nun der Geist in Kunstwerken seinem eigenen Innern entnimmt, dem weiss er auch
nach seiten der äusserlichen Existenz hin eine Dauer zu geben; die einzelne Naturlebendigkeit dagegen ist
vergänglich, schwindend und in ihrem Aussehen veränderlich, während das
Kunstwerk sich erhält” (Ästhetik, Aufbau
Verlag, 1955, S. 74: cf. S. 189: “Natur vorübereilt, befestigt die Kunst zur
Dauer; ein schnell verschwindendes Lächeln, einen plötzlichen schalkhaften Zug um
den Mund, einen Blick, einen flüchtigen Lichtschein, ebenso geistige Züge im
Leben der Menschen, Vorfälle, Begebenheiten, welche kommen und gehen, da sind
und wieder vergessen werden — alles und jedes entreißt sie dem augenblicklichen
Dasein und überwindet auch in dieser Beziehung die Natur”)。參觀
Michelangelo: “... più dura / l’immagin vìva in pietra alpestra e dura, / che’l
suo fattor, che gli anni in cener riede? / La causa all’effetto inclina e cede,
/ onde dall’arte e vinta la natura. / I’ ’l so, che ’l provo in la bella
scultura / C’all’opra il tempo e morte non tien fede” (Sonnets, ed. J.A. Symonds, p. 190); Giordano Bruno, Spaccio de la Bestia trionfante, Dialogo
primo: “[Giove a venere] cossì, come là la pittura ed il ritratto nostro si
contempla sempre medesimo, talmente qua non si vada cangiando e ricangiando la
vital nostra complessione?” (Opere di G.
Bruno e di Campanella, ed. A. Guzzo e R. Americo, p. 482); Martin Opitz: “Poeta”:
“Keine Heereskraft kann streiten / Wider die Gewalt der Zeiten; / Das Metall
und Eisen bricht; / Kron & Zepter legt sich nieder; / Aber eure schöne Lieder
/ Wissen von dem tode nicht” (Max Wehrli, Deutsche
Barocklyrik, 3te
erweiterte Aufl. S. 9);
Giuseppe Battista: “Per famosa ricamatrice”: “Già la terra non vanta il patto
alterno / de’ fiori suoi, soggetti al
sole, al gelo, / ché
quinci era la state e lungi è il verno” (G.G. Ferrero, Marino e i marinisti, p. 1010); Boswell: “Dr Johnson said the value
of statuary was owing to its difficulty; ‘For’, said he, ‘you would not value
the finest cut head upon a carrot.’ Here I take it he was not just; for
although the difficulty may enter into the estimation of the
value of a marble head, I take it the durability is the principal reason for a
preference” (The Ominous Years, March
19, 1776, op. cit., p. 276); Shelley “Defence of Poetry”: “Poetry... arrests
the vanishing apparitions which haunt the interluminations of life... Poetry
redeems from decay the visitations of divinity on man”[53] (Porse Works, ed. R.H. Shepherd, II, p. 34); Goethe: “Das Göttliche”:
“Nur allein der Mensch / Vermag das Unmögliche: / ... / Er kann dem Augenblick
/ Dauer verleihen”; Gautier: “Tout passe. — L’art robuste / Seul a l’éternité,
/ Le buste / Survit à la cité. // ... // Les dieux eux-mêmes meurent, / Mais
les vers souverains / Demeurent / Plus forts que les airains. // Sculpte, lime,
cisèle; / Que ton rêve flottant / Se scelle / Dans le bloc résistant” (“L’Art,”
in Émaux et Camées, éd. Charpentier,
pp. 225-6); The Notebooks of Leonardo da
Vinci, tr. E. MacCurdy, I, p. 78: “In life beauty perishes & does not endure
(cosa bella mortal passa e non dura); Note: A line from Petrarch’s Sonnets, CXC,
l. 8... An erroneous transcription ‘cosa bella mortal, passa e non d’arte’
which I translated as ‘In life beauty perishes, not in art; occurs also as a
motto to D’Annunzio’s La Gioconda”; Hildebert
of Lavardin in “Rome elegy”: “Hic superum formas superi mirantur et ipsi, / Et
cupiunt fictis vultibus esse pares. / Non potuit natura deos hoc ore creare /
Quo miranda deum signa creavit homo” (“The gods marvel at their own statues,
& long to resemble the created images of themselves. Nature could not
produce deities with faces like the man-created, admitable images of the gods”
(Huntington Cairns, The Limits of Art,
288)。
〇袁爽秋《漸西村人初集》卷八〈秋暮游西山得詩三首竹汀錢先生云游山是尋樂事作詩乃自尋煩惱至哉是言得大解脫〉。按《潛研堂詩續集》卷五〈自題天台游草〉云:「故人曾授便宜訣,只愛游山不作詩。」自注:「竹嶼嘗語予:『游山是樂事,若作詩,是自尋煩惱也。』予深服其言。」爽秋失其主名矣。【韋莊〈江上村居〉:「花緣艷絕栽難好,山為看多詠不成。」】杜荀鶴〈春日登樓遇雨〉:「一心準擬閑登眺,却被詩情使不閑」;《詩歸》卷十廬山諸道人〈游石門詩〉,鍾評:「〈詩序〉中『退而尋之』一句,云每對山水,思理不屬,必欲當境成詩,非惟詩不必佳,且亦有妨游趣。過去補作,又似不情。讀『退尋』二字,豁然。匪徒便門,自是至理」;《甲戌叢編》中明人《無名氏筆記》載:「陸文裕云:『登山涉水之際,專事賦詩,反礙真樂,不若極躋攀眺望之望,歸而追憶所遇,然後發之詩文。』此言甚得游覽之趣」云云,可以參觀。
〇《漸西村人初集》卷五〈卓筆峯〉自注:「嘗論文筆用禿,如黃泥裹銳笋,外枯而其中生氣蓊然,文之聖者也。魏默深先生云:『聖於文者,其文禿,其味悶。』」按謝茂秦《四溟山人全集》卷二十三《詩家直說》論作詩屢改始含意得申云:「詩能剝皮,如摘胡桃併栗,須三剝其皮,乃得佳味」;曾弗人《紡授堂詩集》卷五〈與施辰卿書〉:「作理題,正當如剝筍,皮殼不盡,真味不出。今之深於說理者,不但不剝其殼,且包封數十重厚皮繭紙,浪說煨而食之之雅,此則不但無筍味,人亦不知其為筍矣。」
〇《紡授堂二集》卷五〈董叔會重游都下兼柬長公德受民部‧之三〉:「送君莫道成弘事,猶記當年萬曆初。」按陳弢庵《滄趣樓詩集》卷六〈瑞臣屬題羅兩峯上元夜飲圖摹本〉云:「不須遠溯乾嘉盛,說著同光已惘然。」又《紡授堂二集》卷六〈庚辰除日次吳子瑞韻〉:「欲償往歲須來歲,但覺加年是減年。」按放翁〈辛酉冬至〉云:「身老怯增年」;石湖〈丙午新正書懷〉云:「人情舊雨非今雨,老境增年是減年」;後村〈乙丑元日口號〉云:「俗情諱老難藏老,暮景添年是減年」;《于肅愍公集》卷三〈初度自責〉云:「每逢初度益凄然,却訝增年是減年。」Thomas Campion: “Come, cherfull day, part of my
life to me”: “Part of my life in that, you life deny: / So every day we live, a
day we die” 即此意也[54]。【Seneca,
Epistulae morales, XXIV. 20 (Loeb,
vol. I, p. 176): “... Cotidie morimur; cotidie enim demitur aliqua pars vitae,
et tunc quoque, cum crescimus, vita decrescit” (We die
every day. For every day a little of our life is taken from us; even when we are
growing, our life is on the wane).】又第四百四十三則論石湖詩。【香山〈除夜言懷兼贈張常侍〉:「不用歎身隨日老,亦須知壽逐年來」(〈偶作〉:「聞客病時慚體健,見人忙處覺心閑」)。】【《東坡集》卷四〈與臨安令宗人同年劇飲〉:「黃鷄催曉不須愁,老盡世人非我獨」;《渭南文集》卷四十九〈木蘭花〉:「今朝一歲大家添,不是人間偏我老。」】【南宋陳元靚《事林廣記》卷九〈通用警語〉:「人道添一年,我道減一歲」;明初周鼎《土苴集》卷上〈臘月廿日立春〉:「未過臘日春先至,不信增年是減年。」】【陳仁錫《沈石田先生集》卷二〈送歲詞〉:「初謂人送歲,終反被歲送。」】【吳澹川《南野堂筆記》卷一易淑班〈除夕詩〉:「欲望兒成欣改歲,却愁姑老怕添年。」】
〇The Journal of Thomas Moore, July 3rd, 1821 (ed. Peter Quennell, p.
59): “Talking of Delille, Lord H.[olland] said that, notwithstanding his pretty
description of Kensington Gardens, he walked with him once there, & he did
not know them when he was in them. Mad. de Stael never looked at anything;
passed by scenery of every kind without a glance at it; which did not, however,
prevent her describing it. I said that Lord Byron could not describe anything
which he had not had actually under his eyes, & that he did it either on
the spot or immediately after” (cf. Oct. 27, 1827, p. 162: “A good deal of talk
[with Rogers] about Byron... His capability of making others feel upon subjects
on which he did not seem to feel much himself; such as scenery, the arts,
&c.... The same peculiarit (R. says) existed in Madame de
Stael. Though living so long at Coppet, she never saw the glaciers, nor any more
of the scenery than what lay on the road between Coppet and Paris”). Cf. G.
Atkinson, Le Sentiment
de la Nature et le Retour à la Vie simple (1690-1740), p. 142: “Klopstock n’eut ‘keine Neugierichkeit
die Alpen von Weiten oder in der Nähe zu betrachten’ (Bodmer, cité par L.
Friedländer, Ueber die Entstehung und
Entwicklung des Gefühls für des Romantische in der Natur, S. 15), et cela
un quart se siècle après la publication du poème de Haller!”; 參觀
Wordsworth 致 Scott 書論 “with
his eyes on the subject” (7 Nov. 1805, Early
Letters of William & Dorothy Wordsworth, ed. E. de Selincourt, p. 541)。
〇程魚門《勉行堂文集》卷三〈記藝菊事〉云:「今之所謂『淵明菊』者,黃色,大如錢,蓋最下品,非如所謂『洋種』徵五色、鬬奇怪也。」龔定庵《庚子雅詞‧賣花聲‧詠墨菊》小序云:「近世菊花,紛紅駭綠,無復東籬古意。」[55]程春海《程侍郎遺集》卷三〈春浦直廬後垣黃菊盛開賦詩見示即次其韻〉自注:「菊以小而黃者為上,靖節所賞,即此種也。五色種起於晉以後,靖節不及見。」《陶廬續憶補詠》亦引定庵語而申之曰:「蓋淵明愛菊,止有黃花也。」梅伯言《柏梘山房詩集》卷八〈位西要買菊〉云:「紅紫紛紛索高價,世人猶說愛黃花。」【王東溆《柳南文鈔》卷二〈東籬雜詠序〉云:「天地有五色,以配五行。惟黃獨居其中,而菊則象之。嘗考〈月令〉一篇,他卉皆曰『始華』,於菊獨曰『黃華』,蓋表其色也。《周官》:『后親蠶服鞠衣』,陸佃以為『鞠衣色黃,象菊』;鄭氏解『王后六服』曰:『鞠衣黃。』乃知古人言『菊』者,言『黃』也。菊之在前古,其無他色審矣。後世競以紅、紫相尚,非治蘠之本事也。」】按《東坡志林》卷四早言:「洛人善接花,歲出新枝,而菊品尤多。遜之朱勃曰:『菊當以黃為正,餘可鄙也』」(亦見《東坡後集》卷二〈贈朱遜之詩〉小引,有云:「願君為霜風,一掃紫與頳。」【李義山〈和馬郎中移白菊見示〉:「陶詩只采黄金實。」】Thomas Love Peacock, Melincourt, ch. 17: “MR DERRYDOWN: ‘I am afraid, the flower of modern
love is neither the rose nor the amaranth, but the chrysanthemum, or gold-flower...
Alas! ’tis only in flowers of gold / That married bees find honey...” (Novels, ed. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., p. 591).
〇金聖嘆偽託施耐庵〈水滸傳序〉云:「朝日初出,蒼蒼涼涼,澡頭面,裹巾幘,進盤飧,嚼楊木。諸事甫畢,起問可中?中已久矣!」鈔本劉繼莊選定聖嘆《沉吟樓詩選‧和李頎長壽寺粲公院新甃井之作擬王維》云:「手中尋白苧,齒木有垂楊。」【《華嚴經‧淨行品第十一》:「嚼楊枝時,當願眾生,其心調淨,噬諸煩惱。大小便時,當願眾生,棄貪嗔癡,蠲除罪法。」Khushwant Singh, I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale (1959), p. 55: “Every morning... Shunno
put the keekar (acacia arabica) twig in her mouth. She chewed the twig till one end
was reduced to a soggy, fibrous pulp & brushed her teeth with it. She tore off
a strip of the bark & scraped her tongue...”; p. 193: “There was much
sucking of keckar twigs, spitting,
& gargling around the taps.” 蓋天竺今日尚沿舊俗也。意大利村氓則以樹葉,Alberto Moravia: “La Ciociara”: “Tuda... mostrava i
dentini bianchi, stretti stretti, che le donne, in Ciociaria, si puliscono
strofinandoci una foglia di malva” (Opere
complete, ed. Bompiani, VII, Racconti
Romani, p. 192)。《翻譯名義集‧林木篇》「鞞鐸佉」又「彈多抳瑟搋」二條下引毗奈耶云:「嚼楊枝,有五利」云云,又云:「齒木也,此方無故,多用楊枝。」《寄歸傳》卷一謂「僧侶晨起,嚼嚙楊枝,揩齒刮舌,西土無楊柳,佛齒木樹實非楊柳」(《佛學大辭典》二四八頁「楊枝」條引)。《大唐西域記》卷二云:「饌食既訖,嚼楊枝而為淨」;神秀作《達摩大師觀心論》云:「斷諸妄語,如嚼楊枝能消口氣。」[56]佛寺中有齒木,又有矢橛,然則彼法淨口拭穢皆以木矣。
〇Saturday Review, May 2, 1964, p. 16: “Mussolini is always right!’ ‘Particularly
when he is wrong,’ added an unknown native wit.” 按此意由來已久:Paulo Fambri,
Il caporal di settimana, III. xiii: “Nel
militare, il superiore ha sempre ragione, ma specialissimamente poi quando ha
torto. La è una massima però di cui l’inferiore deve ricordarsi sempre , e il
superiore mai” (G. Fumagalli, Chi l’ha
detto?, 9a ed., 1958, p. 320); Erckmann-Chatrian, Histoire d’un conscrit de 1813: “Mais j’apprisla
discipline, a savoir: que le caporal a toujours raison lorsqu’il parle au
soldat, le sergent lorsqu’il parle au caporal, le sergent-major lorsqu’il parle
au sergent, le sous-lieutenant au sergent-major, ainsi de suite jusqu’au maréchal
de France, — quand ils diraient que deux et deux font cinq ou que la lune brille
en plein midi” (Contes et Romans
nationaux et populaires, éd. J.-J. Pauvert, IV, p. 79), 皆本之
Publius Syrus, §228: “Falsum etiam est verum, quod constituit superior (Even
false becomes true when a superior so decides)” (Minor Latin Poets, “Loeb”, p. 44)。Wolf
Mankowitz, A Kid for Two Farthings: “After
all, the customer is always right, even when he’s wrong” (Make Me an Offer & A Kid for Two Farthings, p. 111).【Kipling: “The Village that Voted the Earth Was Flat”: “The staff realized that they
had proprietors who backed them right or wrong, &
specially when they were wrong” (S. Maugham, A Choice of Kipling’s Prose, p. 312).】
[2]「葛惟源」原作「葛維源」。
[3]「烏乎」原作「惡乎」。
[9] “I never had a piece of
toast particularly long and wide, But fell upon the sanded floor, And always on
the buttered side.”
[14]「卷六」原作「卷九」。
[16]「過雲樓」原作「過書樓」。
[17]「卷三十五」原作「卷三十三」。
[18]「房中秘術」原作「房中秘房」。
[20]「卷四十四」原作「卷四十五」。
[23]「壽業」原作「延壽」。
[24]「宗鏡錄」原脫「錄」字。
[25]「張氏小姬」原脫「氏」字。
[27]「五雜組」原作「五雜俎」。
[29]「下略」原作「中略」。
[37]「晝秣荊越」原作「夕秣荊越」。
[38]「山川馳」原作「山川驅」。
[41]「儷葉」原作「麗葉」。
[42]「八州」原作「九州」。
[43]「此二皆空」原作「此二法空」。
[46]「先生言」原脫「生」字。
[48]「況恐」原作「況肯」,「貌如」原作「貌似」。
[49]「看月」原作「見月」。
[55]「無復」原作「無有」。
[56]「如嚼」原作「猶如」。
沒有留言:
張貼留言