Torquato Tasso (1544-95)
二百九十一[1]
Torquato Tasso, Aminta, ed. Ernest Grillo. A richness of language which does not
choke or thicken but consorts well with the limpid flow. But I prefer a style
less mellifluous & melting, with something to bury my teeth in & to
chew. Tasso’s is rather like a brook of honeyed water.
Prologo: “Ovunque I’ mi sia, io sono
Amore, / ne’ pastori non men che ne gli eroi, / e la disagguaglianza de’
soggetti / come a me piace agguaglio”[2]
(p. 54; Poesie, a cura di F. Flora,
p. 615). Does this mean that love levels up or levels down, that the “Hydrostatic
Paradox” holds good in love by “equalizing” pastori
& eroi as it does in controversy
by equalizing “fools” & “wise men”[3]?
(see O.W. Holmes, The Autocrat of the
Breakfast Table, V, “The World’s Classics,” p. 96). In the Middle Ages,
people certainly thought quite differently. Andrew the Chaplain, e.g., held
that a woman of mean birth could not possibly feel love: “If a man [i.e. a
lord] should desire a peasant woman so strongly that he could not resist the
temptation, let him rape her on the spot. A courteous approach would be wasted
on her” (Sidney Painter, French Chivalry,
p. 121). Don Quixote, however, when ordering Sancho Panza to seat himself at
his side & eat from his plate, gives the following reason: “for a knight-errantry one may say the same as of love:
that it makes all things equal” (Pt. I, ch. xi, tr. Samuel Putnam, Cassell
& Co., I, p. 80). [“Porque de la caballería andante se puede decir lo mismo
que del amor que se dice, que todas las cosas iguala” (ed. “Clásicos
Castellanos”, by F.R. Marin, I, p. 246).]
I, i. Dafne: “... che... disse / Quel grande che cantò l’armi e gli amori
/ ... che là giù ne lo ’nferno è un nero speco” etc. (p. 68; p. 621). This
refers to Orlando Furioso, XXXIV, St.
11 et seq.; see supra 第二百六十四則.
I, ii. Aminta: “Ebevea da’ suoi lumi / un ’estranea dolcezza, / che
lasciava nel fine / un non so che d’amaro” (p. 76; p. 626); cf. in the same scene,
Aminta: “... quella dolcezza mista /
D’un secreto veleno”
(p. 80; pp. 627-8) &
II, ii. Tirsi: “La dolcezza d’amor
senza l’amaro” (p. 110; p. 641). These passages can supplement the quotations
given in supra第二百七十八則. “Un non so che” is Tasso’s favorite phrase, & J.A. Symonds has
made a little collection of passages in Gerusalemma
Liberata containing this phrase which “leaves definition to the instinct of
those who feel, but will not risk the limitation of their feeling by submitting
it to words” (The Renaissance in Italy,
VII, pp. 23-4). This passage [...6][4]
can be added, cf. supra 二百二十七則. For litanies of oxymora on love, see Petrarca, De rem. utri. for.[5]:
“gratum vulnus, sapidum venenum,dulcis amaritudo” etc. copied verbatim in La Celestina, X (Éd. Aubier, p. 352); Romeo & Juliet, I. i. 182-8 (“O
loving hate!... heavy lightness! serious vanity! Misshapen chaos of
well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! Still-waking
sleep”[6]);
Groto, Adriana: “un piacer senza
allegrezza... un velen grato... una pena felice”[7]
etc. (M. Praz, The Flaming Heart, p.
159); & Marino, L’Adone, VI, St.
173-4 (“Lince privo di lume” etc.) (G.G.
Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, p.
105); Baudelaire: “Ô fangeuse
grandeur! sublime ignominie!” (Oeuv.
Comp., “Pléiade”, p. 103).
I, ii. Aminta: “Sospirava sovente, e non sapeva / La cagion de’ sospiri. /
Così fui prima amante, ch’ intendessi / Che cosa fosse amore”[8]
(p. 78; p. 626). Like a few others in the play, this passages (for whose truth
I can go bail on the strength of my own experience far away & long ago) is
derived from Longus, Daphnis & Chloe,
II, 8: “This undoubtedly is love, & we, it seems, are in love without
knowing whether or no this be love or ourself a lover” (tr. by George Thornley,
“The Loeb Classical Library”, pp. 79-81). Cf. Daniel, Hymen’s Triumph, I. iii, Thirsis (quoted in Lucas, ed., The Works of Charles & Mary Lamb,
vol. IV, Specimens of English Dramatic
Poets, p. 218-9). St. Augustine’s famous words “Nondum amabam, et amare
amabam... quaerebam quid amarem, amans amare”[9]
(Conf., III, i) describe another aspect
of adolescence.
I, ii. Aminta: “fingendo ch’ un’ape avesse’ morso / Il mio labbro di
sotto” etc. (p. 80; p. 627). The ruse is derived from Achilles Tatius, Leucippe & Clitophon, I, 7 (tr. by Stephen
Gaselee, “the Loeb Classical Library”, pp. 67-9).
I, ii. Coro: “Ma legge aurea e felice, / Che natura scolpi: s’ei piace, ei
lice” (p. 92; p. 633). This refers to “bella età dell’ora,” recalling Dante’s
line on Semiramis: “Che libito fe’ licito in sua legge”[10]
(Inferno, V. 56) & calling forth
Guarini’s “Piaccia, se lice”[11]
(Il Pastor Fido, IV, ix, coro). Tasso’s
law takes on a Satanic meaning in Marquis de Sade’s Juliette: “Souviens-toi que toute la nature t’appartient, que tout
ce qu’elle nous laisse faire est permis” (quoted in Les petits romantiques français, “Cahiers du Sud,” p. 40). Cf. Gerus.
lib., XV, 62-3 (p. 382); Thomas Carew: “A Rapture”: “All things are lawful
there, that may delight / Nature or unrestrained appetite” (Everyman’s Book of English Love Poems,
p. 18). Cf. the view of Panormita in Valla, De
Voluptate, to wit, it is following the laws of Nature to pursue the
pleasures (see J.H. Whitfield, Petrarch
& the Renaissance, pp. 137-140 for an exposition). The opposite view
usually associated with the Middle Ages, is neatly summed up in refutation by
Selden in his Table Talk, XXXV: “’Tis
much the doctrine of the times that men should not please themselves, but deny
themselves everything they take delight in; not look upon beauty, wear no good
clothes, eat no good meat, etc.; which seems the greatest accusation that can
be upon the Maker of all good things. If they be not to be used, why did God
make them?” Heine spoke feelingly about the age when one “alles, was süss und
lieblich war, als Teufelei verschrie” and could exclaim “O, Venus, schöne Fraue
mein, / Ihr seid eine Teufelinne!” (Heine, Zur
Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland, in Sämtl. Werk., Verlag von A. Weichert,
Bd. VIII, S. 16). Then the golden rule became, as Schiller puts it in Die Philosophen: “‘Gern dien’ ich den Freunden, doch tu’ ich es leider mit Neigung / Und
so wurmt es mir oft, / Und mit Abscheu alsdann tun, wie die Pflicht dir gebeut.”
Cf. 舒白香《遊山日記》卷二,七月丁酉:“余嘗謂鎮國公永珊曰:‘公已絕葷久矣,亦尚偶思肉味否?’公正色答曰:‘凡事之所貴,必貴其難;苟不知肉味之美,而絶不茹葷,亦奚足尚?’” Cf. supra 第五則, 第二三九則, infra 六四九則, 六八四則, 七五九則.
I, ii. Coro: “Opra è tua sola, o Onore, / che furto sia quel che fu don d’Amore”
(p. 92; p. 634). Cf. II, ii. Dafne: “Chi imparar vuol d’amare, / Disimpari il
rispetto: osi, domandi, Solleciti, importuni, alfine involi: / E se questo non
basta, / Anco rapisca” (p. 108; p. 640). As Douglas Jerrold says, “With women,
as with warriors, there’s no robbery — all’s conquest” (Specimens of Douglas Jerrold’s Wit, ed. Blanchard Jerrold, p. 17).
II, i. Satiro: “... Non son io / da disprezzar, se ben me stesso vidi / Ne’l
liquido de’l mar, quando l’altr’ieri / Taceano i venti, ed ei giacca senz’ onda”
etc.... “Che voi tu far di questi tenerelli” etc. (p. 98; p. 636). This is an
imitation of the Cyclops’s lament in Theocritus,
XI (The Greek Bucolic Poets, ed. J.M.
Edmonds, “The Loeb Classical Library”, p. 143), with the sexual motif
loud-pedalled (“Son di virilità, di robustezza / Indizio” etc., “Femine ne’l
sembiante e ne le forze / Sono costoro” etc., p. 636). Cf. supra 第二百十三則.
II, i. Satiro: “E veramente il secol d’oro è questo, / Poiché sol vince l’oro
e regna l’oro” (p. 98; p. 636). Cf. L. de Marnezia: “L’âge d’or était l’âge où
l’or ne régnait pas.”
II, ii. Dafne: “Or non sai tu com’è fatta la donna? / Fugge e fuggendo vuol
ch’altri la giunga; / Niega, e negando vuol ch’altri si toglia; / Pugna, e pugnando
vuol ch’altri la vinca” (p. 108; p. 640). A variation on an old theme; see supra 第八十六則 (Martial, V, 83) & infra 七百三則 on Étienne Durant’s “Quoi donc” etc. Cf. Don Quixote, I, ch. 20: “That is the way with women, they spurn
those that care for them & love those that hate them” (tr. by Samuel
Putnam, I, p. 150); “Esa es natural condición de mujeres, desdeñar a quien las
quiere y amar a quien las aborrece” (II, pp, 139-40).
II, ii. Dafne:
“Insipido è quel dolce, che condito / Non è di qualche amor a, è tosto satia”
(p. 110; p. 641). Cf. Martial, IV, 38: “satiatur amor nisi gaudia torquent” (Epigrams, tr. by W.C.A. Kerr, “The Loeb
Classical Library”, I, p. 254).
II, iii. Coro:
“tu [Amor] in bei facondi detti / sciogli la lingua de’ fedeli tuoi; / e spesso
(oh strana e nova / eloquenza d’Amore!) / spesso in un dir confuse / e ’n
parole interrotte / meglio si esprime il core, / e più par che si mova, / che
non si fa con voci adorne e dotte; / e ’l silenzio ancor suole / aver prieghi e
parole” (p. 130; p. 648). A very penetrating observation. Lord Chesterfield: “A
man had better talk too much to women, than too little; they take silence for dullness,
unless where they think the passion they have inspired occasions it; & in
that case they they adopt the notion, that ‘Silence in love betrays more woe / Than
words — though ne’er so witty; / The beggar that is dumb, we know, / Deserves a
double pity” (Letters, ed. B. Dobrée,
IV, p. 1494). Cf. Mme de Lursay in Crébillon’s Égarements du Coeur: “One may be amused
by a lover's wit, but it is not that which proves seductive; it is his
embarrassment, the difficulty he finds in expressing himself, the confusion in
his speech — that is what makes him dangerous!” (quoted in Havelock Ellis, From Rousseau to Proust, Houghton Mifflin
Co., p. 45); also Kierkegaard, Tagebuch
des Verführers, 5 Juni: “Seine [Eduard
Baxter] Schüchternheit
grenzt ans Unglaubliche. Wäre das Maske, so wäre er ein gefährlicher Nebenbuhler. Es gehört viel Kunst dazu, die Schüchternheit
zu benutzen... Ein wenig Schüchternheit schmeichelt der Eitelkeit der Mädchen,
weil sie sich überlegen fühlen. Dies Gefühl gibt man ihnen als Handgeld” (Entweder-Oder, übersetzt von W.
Pfleiderer und Ch. Schrempf, Bd. I, S. 310). Montaigne quoted the last two
lines in his “Apologie de Raimond Sebond”: “Aux bêtes mesmes qui n’ont pas de
voix... leurs mouvemens discourent et traictent... les amoureux se
courroussent, se reconcilient, se prient, se remercient, s’assignent, et disent
en fin toutes choses des yeux: E’l
silentio ancor suole / Haver prieghi e parole.... un taire parlier et bien
intelligible”[12] (Essais, II, xii, “Édition Lutetia,” II,
pp. 69-70) Cf. Muratori, La Perfetta
poesia, Lib. II, cap. 10 on “eloquenza in parlare” & “eloquenza in
tacere.”
IV, i. Dafne:
“Misero Aminta! / Tu, in guisa d’ape che ferendo muore / E ne le piaghe altrui
lascia la vita” (p. 164; p. 662). Tasso in his Epigramma also says: “Un’ape esser vorrei, donna bella e crudele,
che sussurrando in voi suggesse il mèle / E, non potendo il cor, potesse almeno
/ pungervi il bianco seno / E ’n sì dolce ferita / vendicata lasciar la propria
vita” (L.R. Lind, Lyric Poetry of the
Italian Renaissance, p. 312); T. Stigliani’s “Ape morta”: “Una pecchia,
volata / della mia Lidia al bel labro gentile, / gliel punse e, com’è stile, / nel
ritrar l’ago vi rimase uccisa. / Oh felice, oh beata / chi ebbe mai tal sorte:
/ morir del paradiso infra le porte” (G.G. Ferrero, Marino e i Marinisti, pp. 650).
V, i. Coro: “risse e guerre a cui segua, / reintegrando i cori, o pace o
tregua” (p. 190; p. 673). An echo of Terence, Adria, 555: “Amantium irae amoris integratio’st” (Terence, tr. by J.S. Sergeaunt, “The
Loeb Classical Library,” I, p. 60).
二百九十二[13]
李廌《濟南集》八卷、《德隅齋畫品》一卷。方叔撰著,以畫品為第一,雖筆致未超逸,尚刻鍊可觀。至其詩文,語粗旨獷,真京東學究醉白酒飽死牛肉,自以為豪放者,宜於時輩中稱道郭功父詩才不容口也。東坡、姑溪輩憐劉蕡下第,獎飾寒士,呴沫窮鱗,過情之稱,亦固其然。蘇籀《欒城遺言》記子由稱「方叔文似唐蕭李,所以可喜」,又「徐蒙獻書,公曰:『甚佳,但波瀾不及李方叔。』」亦溢美之詞。館臣隨聲附和,甚無謂也。【《夷堅丙志》卷十八〈張拱遇仙〉自注:「李方叔作傳。」張耒《張右史集》卷廿六〈題李方叔文卷末〉:「他日東坡譽子文,瀾翻健筆欲凌雲。决科正爾真餘事,射策如何但報聞。詭御獲禽雖可鄙,挽弓射葉亦徒勤。莫辭更擬相如作,寂寞思玄未放君。」】方叔〈祭東坡文〉所云:「皇天后土,鑒一生忠孝之心;名山大川,還萬古英靈之氣。」當時傳誦,全篇已佚。《墨莊漫錄》卷三引作「平生千古」。《珊瑚鈎詩話》卷二引則前尚有「道大不容,才高為累」八字,「鑒」字作「知」字。《曲洧舊聞》卷三引此文句數最多,自「道大」句至「英靈之氣」句,下復有「識與不識,誰不盡傷;聞所未聞,吾將安放」四句。又按全文見祝穆《古今事文類聚前集》卷五十四:「伏以端明尚書德尊一代,名滿五朝」云云,「鑒」作「知」,「誰」作「罔」。袁小修《游居杮錄》卷十二恐以「英靈」為「英雄」,遂云:「方叔此語只肖關公,不肖子瞻。」并以之題玉泉關廟作門聯矣。《紫微詩話》引作「實表平生」、「復收自古」。【此《集》為李之鼎刊本,凡《宋詩紀事》卷三十二所輯篇什,均已補入。《聲畫集》卷一有方叔題〈燕龍圖〉、〈臨深圖〉二首,《紀事》未錄,李氏遂亦漏却。《後村千家詩》卷十三選方叔〈雪霽〉五絕,見此《集》卷四,題作〈雪〉,無「霽」字。《永樂大典》一萬二千四十四「酒」字引《北窗叢錄》載方叔一七律。】
卷一〈宿峻極中院〉:「晨遊開母祠,暮抵紫虛谷。千峯掛夕陽,猶指中寺宿。山空無人聲,暝色滿草木。亂石礙饑馬,荒榛走驚鹿。深林怪禽號,絕壑山鬼哭。照塗藉流螢,呻吟愧僮僕。乙夜扣禪扉,孤燈耿幽綠。猶疑夢寐中,對榻眠空屋。」
卷二〈德麟約遊西山〉:「君詩如齊楚,凜凜兩大國。吾詩比邾滕,惴惴甘服役。」按與山谷〈子瞻詩句妙一世乃云效庭堅體〉「我詩如曹鄶,淺陋不成邦。公如大國楚,吞五湖三江」相似乃爾。
〈七夕〉:「七夕知何夕,云是牛女期。(中略)人間光陰速,天上日月遲。隔歲等旦暮,會遇未應稀。(下略)」按宋妓嚴蕊〈鵲橋仙‧七夕〉:「人間剛道隔年期,指天上方才隔夜。」(《齊東野語)卷十九、《歷代詩餘》卷二十九)李笠翁《一家言》卷五〈七夕感懷〉:「天上日月長,一歲同一刻。一刻一渡河,佳期似太密。」李義山〈七夕〉:「爭將世上無期別,換得年年一度來。」貫休〈再游東林寺〉:「莫疑遠去無消息,七萬餘年始半年。」自注:「人間四千年,兜率天一晝夜。」韓元吉〈虞美人‧七夕〉:「離多會少從來有,不似人間久。歡情誰道隔年遲,須信仙家日月、未多時」(《南澗甲乙稿》卷七、《全宋詞》一三七);又〈七夕〉云:「天上一年真一日,人間風月浪生愁」(《南澗甲乙稿》卷六)。崔塗〈七夕〉:「自是人間一週歲,何妨天上只黃昏。」孫子瀟《天真閣集》卷一〈七夕〉:「天上日月疾,一歲如一日。一日一相逢,猶自嫌離別。」此意清人詩詞中遂成常語。《晚晴簃詩滙》卷七十四載孫擴圖〈七夕吟〉云:「天上隔年如隔宿,牛女幾曾相向哭。人世自多生別離,還應向天問雙栖。即作一年才一會,牛女活得萬萬歲。一年一會未為多,從古到今卻如何。人世生年不滿百,中間或作北邙客。[14]」《春在堂隨筆》卷七載潘玉泉〈和恩竹樵丁丑七夕‧訴衷情〉詞云[15]:「仙家歲月異人間,彈指便經年。一年一度相見,小別即團圓。」張聯桂《延秋吟館詩鈔》卷二〈七夕詩〉云:「洞裏仙人方七日,千年已過幾多時。若將此意窺牛女,天上曾無片刻離。」平景孫《越吟殘草‧七夕》云:「天錢借得豈敢逋,烏鵲填橋說亦誣。塵世一年天一日,雙星夜夜共歡娛。」
卷三〈題郭功甫詩卷〉凡八百七十四言,略云:「桐城明甫住姑孰,襟裾瀟灑天與才。(中略)臨川先生久知己,十年執政居公臺。橫飛後生盡豪俊,往往拔越自草萊。洪爐造化豈一端,如何不與珽瑱坯。盛朝能詩可屈指,少師樸射蘇與梅。少師新為地下客,蘇梅骨化成塵灰。金陵僕射今已老,班班絲雪侵頤腮。(中略)好古愛詩惟有君,獨使筆力驚風雷。清音繞齒嚼鳴玉,爛光滿紙如瓊瑰。(中略)才雄句險駭人膽,九月秋水灩澦堆。(中略)非君鼓吹力主持,是道不世將傾頹。(下略)」又卷四有〈續題郭功甫詩卷〉五律一首,可謂嗟歎之不足者矣。
〈田舍女〉:「田家女兒不識羞,草花竹葉插滿頭。紅眉(疑有誤)紫襜青絹襖,領頸粗糙流黑油。日午担禾上場晒,也喜年豐欲還債。傭工出力當一男,長大過笄不曾拜。有者(疑有誤)四十有餘家,東村定昏來送茶。翁嫗喫茶不肯嫁,今年種稻留踏車。」按此首與〈宿峻極中院〉一首為全《集》之勝。
卷四〈和錢之道遊虎邱〉:「輕雲細雨放花時,才過清明已夾衣。拚得酒時教盡醉,可題詩處莫空歸。丁寧鶯語機關巧,輕薄楊花氣力微。閶闔晚來行客盡,稚烏相趁入城飛。一」
〈題孔氏東園〉:「濃綠陰中黄栗留,醉鄉遲日厭鳴鳩。青春去後百花歇,頼有枝頭安石榴。三」
〈和李端叔從參寥游西湖〉:「夢爲蝴蝶恣飛飛,飛入花叢處處迷。不是提壺强呼起,尚應栩栩展江西。八」
卷八〈答趙士舞德茂宣義論宏詞書〉略云:「凡文章之不可無者有四:一曰『體』、二曰『志』、三曰『氣』、四曰『韻』。(中略)大焉可使如雷霆之奮,鼓舞萬物,小焉可使如脉絡之行,出入無間者,『氣』也。如金石之有聲,而玉之聲清越;如草木之有華,而蘭之臭芬香。(中略)如登培塿之丘,以觀崇山峻嶺之秀色,涉潢汙之澤,以觀寒溪澄潭之清流,如朱絃之有餘音,太羮之有遺味者,『韻』也。文章之無『體』,譬之無耳目口鼻不能成人。文章之無『志』,譬之雖有耳目口鼻而不知視聽臭味之所能,若土木偶人,形質皆具而無所用之。文章之無『氣』,雖知視聽臭味而血氣不充於內,手足不衛於外,若奄奄病人,支離憔悴,生意消削。文章之無『韻』,譬之壯夫,其軀幹枵然,骨強氣盛,而神色昏瞢,言動凡濁,則庸俗鄙人而已。(中略)其言迂疎矯厲,不切事情,此山林之文也,其人不必居藪澤,其間不必論巖谷也,其氣與韻則然也。其言鄙俚猥近,不離塵垢,此市井之文也,其人不必坐廛肆,其間不必論財利也,其氣與韻則然也。(下略)」按表聖以後,儀卿以前,論「韻」者莫詳於此文及《永樂大典》卷八百七《潛溪詩眼》。余撰《談藝錄》(第四十八頁)時僅睹唐順之所引[16],未見厥全,殊可惜也。劉會孟《須溪集》卷六〈劉孚齋詩序〉云:「作詩如作字,横眉豎鼻,所差幾何?而清、俗相去逺甚。嘗與客云老杜『親朋盡一哭,鞍馬去孤城』,客言近世戴式之亦云:『此行堪一哭,何日見諸君?』余曰:『俗矣』」云云,同為「横眉豎鼻」而清、俗有殊,即體與氣、韻之別。日本齋藤謙《拙堂文話》卷七云:「文譬之人身,其中以意為主,氣為之輔,其外以篇為體,章為之肢,字句為之毛髮。世人作文,意既不瑩,氣亦不盈,肢體雖具,偶人而已。然肢體具者猶得為文也,彼唯知排字填句者,獨有毛髮而已,烏得為文哉?文有頭有腹有足,是篇法也。頭欲小,腹欲滿,足欲健而不欲大,是章法也。」徐枋《居易堂集》卷一〈與楊明遠書〉云:「于文則為段落,于人則為骨格。其意與氣者,筋脉也,而詞藻則血肉也」云云,尤詳。《抱朴子‧外篇‧辭義卷四十》:「妍而無據,證援不給。皮膚鮮澤而骨骸迥弱也。」王鐸《擬山園初集》第二十四冊文丹云:「皮毛之文,不可以語深奧之藏。文有神、有魂、有魄、有竅、有脉、有筋節、有腠理、有骨、有髓。」
《德隅齋畫品‧大悲觀音像》:「范瓊所作。臂手雖多,左右對以偶之,其意相應,渾然天成,不見其有餘。」
〈春龍起蟄圖〉:「孫位所作。山臨大江。有二龍自山下出。龍蜿蜒驤首雲間,水隨雲氣而上,雨自鬛中出,魚蝦隨之或憑空而隕,一龍尾尚在穴前,踞大石而蹲,舉首望雲中,意欲俱往。波濤震駭,澗谷瀰漫。居民老小聚觀,闔戶闕牖。」王惲《秋澗大全集》卷七〈僧傳古坐龍圖〉:「蒼龍何處行雨歸,闖首踞坐紅雲堆。」
〈樓居仙圖〉:「郭忠恕所作。棟樑楹桷,望之中虛,若可投足。闌楯牖戶,則若可以捫歴而開闔之也。以毫計寸,以分計尺,以寸計丈,増而倍之,以作大宇,皆中規度,曽無少差。」孔子所謂「從心所欲不踰矩」,莊子所謂「猖狂妄行, 乃蹈乎大方」者乎。使忠恕規度量而為之,則亦疲矣。按參觀《歷代名畫記》卷二論吳道子不用界筆、真尺作死畫。
〈玉皇朝會圖〉:「石恪所作。恪滑稽玩世,水府官吏或繫魚蟹扵腰,因以侮觀者。」
〈渡水牛出林虎〉:「厲歸真所作。歸真嘗作棚扵山中大木上下,觀猛虎,欲見其真態。又或自衣虎皮,跳躑於庭,以思倣其勢。」按《陳後山集》卷十九〈談叢〉云:「宣城包鼎每畫虎,掃溉一室,屏人聲,塞門塗牖,穴屋取明。一飲斗酒,脫衣據地,臥起行顧,自視真虎也。復飲斗酒,取筆一揮」云云,與歸真事類。《太平廣記》卷四百三十引《瀟湘記》載:「楊真癖好畫虎,至老年更令家人毀去所畫之虎。九十臥疾,召兒孫曰:『我每夢中與虎游,今又夢化身為虎。』卒,尸化為虎。」二事相反相成,即 Dante, Il Convivio,
Tratatto IV, Canzone III, 53-4: “Poi chi pinge figura, / Se non può esser lei,
non la può pore” (Opere, ed. E. Moore
& P. Toynbee, p. 294) 之意。【獨深居點定《玉茗堂集》卷五〈東館別黃占父〉:「為言沈周曾六月,醉起添衣畫雲雪。」自注:「憶沈啟南六月添衣畫雪。」】Sainte-Beuve, Tableau
de la poésie française au XVIe siècle, p. 397 記 Du
Bartas 賦詩刻畫怒馬馳驟,因伏地頓足放蹄作馬嘶 (se mettre à quatre pattes, à ruer, à gambader, à
hennir, à être cheval)。D’Annunzio 作 “La morte del
cervo” 詩亦自記 “una
specie di demone mimetico mi possiede... Mi preme la nuca, mi piega la schiena,
mi ponta le mani aperte su l’impiantito di mattoni, mi cangia le mani e i piedi
in quarto zoccoli” (P. Pancrazi, Scrittori
d’oggi, III, p. 233; cf. VI, 280-2) 。又按
Aristotle, Poetics, 55a 29-32: “So
far as he can, the tragic poet should act out with the appropriate gestures the
events of his play” etc. (cf. G.F. Else, Aristotle’s
Poetics: The Argument, p. 489)。Cf. Disraeli, Curiosities
of Literature, I, p. 436, an anecdote about Domenichino, the
painter, who acted the characters of all the figures he would represent on his
canvass. Burke, Sublime & Beautiful,
Pt. 4, sect. 4, quoted from Jacob Spon’s Recherches
curieuses d’Antiquité the story of the physiognomist Campanella who composed
his face, his gesture into the exact similitude of the person he intended to
examine & then carefully observed what turn of mind he seemed to acquire by
this change (ed. J.T. Boulton, p. 132-3). 古今事無獨有偶。
〈歸龍入海圖〉:「戚化元所作。一龍蜿蜒,翔於水上,然先後之浪皆勻,未有翻湧噴漩之形,雲氣雖從,然不自水中出,予曰:『此非游龍出海,乃歸龍入海也。』」
二百九十三[17]
鄭清之《安晚堂詩集》七卷、《補編》二卷、《輯詩駢文》一卷,李氏宜秋館刊本。《補編》即《江湖後集》之卷五、卷六。李之鼎〈跋語〉雖云前七卷已有之篇則留題去詩,然如《補》一之〈拙偈調偃谿上人〉、〈靈隱慧上人惠詩為古風以贈〉皆已見《詩集》卷十一,〈乍晴觀蜂房戲占〉已見卷十一,〈育王老禪惠佳茗〉已見卷六,《補》二之〈同黃制屬至延壽寺雨過禪寂寺〉、〈三友〉皆已《詩集》卷七,〈南坡口號〉已見卷七,蓋亦未審核也。青山詩事料廣博,機趣洋溢,瀾翻不竭,去其駁者滑者,誠齋佳處每一遭耳。空門偈子之體,徒滋葛藤,無益鉗鎚,實非擅場。
卷六〈偶記賦王昭君謾錄之因覽詩話中賦昭君者命意多溺於情遂出此作〉:「伐國曾聞用女戎,忍留妖麗漢宮中。如知褒姒貽周患,須信巫臣爲楚忠。青冢不遺芳草恨,白溝那得戰塵空。解移尤物柔强虜,延壽當年合議功。」按劉屏山〈詠明妃〉云:「羞貌丹青鬥麗顏,為君一笑靜天山。西京自有麒麟閣,畫向功臣衛霍間。」詳見七九七則《三國演義》第八回。《朱子語類》卷百三十五為呂季克題畫云:「傳聞姑靼欲南侵,愁煞窮邊猛將心。却是妖姬能捍虜,不教行到殺胡林見《文集》卷十,題作〈題蕃騎圖〉。」錢枋輯本《野獲編》卷二十四記瞿九思禦虜法,有誘化其俗,令彼婦人束足惑溺男子以弱之,胥此類也。參觀第二百十則論 The Deipnosophists, Bk. XIII, 560。又按《後村大全集》卷一百七十四稱安晚此詩結句意新而理長,卷一百七十六稱屏山此絕語意不與前人相犯,却未捉將一處,何也?又按《茶香室叢鈔》卷六云:「《楓窗小牘》謂:『今聞虜中閨飾復爾,如瘦金蓮、方瑩面丸、遍體香,皆自北傳南也。』」據此則金婦女亦纏足。
〈覺際閑坐紀所見〉:「蛛網雨中時恤緯,蜂屯衙後自嬰城。竹根得土筍爭長,紙隙受風窗善鳴。」
〈七月初五日城中大風雨〉:「瓦陣飛翻千鵠起,屐聲旁午萬蛙鳴。」
〈育王老禪屢惠佳茗授以焙藏之法謾成拙語為謝〉:「曾讀茶經如讀律,一物不備茶不出。未論煑瀹應節度,第一收藏在堅密。摘鮮封裹頃焙芳,濕蒸為㓂防侵疆。朝屯暮蒙要微火,九轉温養如丹房。育王老慧老茶事,新授秘訣乃如此。幾番惠我先春芽,朅來細問茶何似。我初謂師茶絶奇,十日之後如飲糜。頗疑緇俗果異撰,良楛輙為居所移。吾言未終師絶叫,為茶傳法恨不早。綺疏應合有司存,料理如前毋草草。對師大笑面欲鞾,三年宰相食無鮭。長鬚赤脚供井臼,荒寒政類山人家。扊扅炊盡瓶笙吼,何曾敲雪春雲走?不如時扣趙州門,侍者可人長摸首。」按章法好。
卷七〈南坡口號〉:「欲識魚梁試作看,輕拋野淥罩清寒。幾回漉起空無物,輸殺羣兒下釣竿。五」「曉來兩鵲屋山鳴,報喜多應只報晴。似爲東皇傳好語,故留勝賞到清明。十五」
卷九〈湖上口占〉:「山雲既雨猶相逐,水草無花亦自香。」
卷十〈家園即事〉:「樹底鳴鳩相唯諾,花間飛蝶自綢繆。九」「老鶴易饑增廩稍,乳鷄勤哺領孫曾。十」
〈乍晴觀蜂房戲占〉:「蜜蜂家計千頭奴,日併花課供蜜租。粉紅黄白各本色,臃腫雙脚尻爲車。採花歸來不知數,一一到門如合繻。方春乳房湧金屋,子弟分王遣之國。廣輪處處成甘州,饞口嚌嚅不遺力。蜜脾割盡刲蠟膚,畢歲辛勤用謀食。秋深冬早未見春,嗅芳咀華來藻蘋。釀成餱糧香滿室,日日飽衙知愛君。問誰食蜜還主臣,阜財富國今何人。」
〈再和糟蟛蜞送葺芷且答索飲語〉:「主人鸛鶴真耐痛,笑許子彭如水白。」跋云:「諺語有鸛鶴日至水濱,群蟹相與捕魚蝦飼之,以為常。一日鸛鶴語蟹曰:『施而不報,非禮也。吾喬木巢成,亦可延客,能從我乎?』蟹以無翼辭,鸛鶴曰:『此易耳。子以雙距鉗吾足。我,爾身也。』蟹悅從之,一飛戾空。蟹懼,鉗益力,鸛鶴痛,怒罵之。蟹笑曰:『作主人,乃爾痛耶?』」按參觀《六度集經‧之三十六》:「鱉妻有疾,思食獼猴肝,雄行求焉。獼猴下飲,鱉曰:『吾舍有妙樂,爾欲觀乎?爾昇吾背,將爾觀矣。』」(亦見《生經‧卷一‧第十》、《佛本行集經‧習與魔競品第三十四》作虬婦懷妊,欲食獼猴心。[18])【又見《大智度論》補冊之三十。】又 Batrachomyomachia: “Puff-jaw offered his back... & Crumb
Snatcher mounted at once” etc. (Hesiod,
Homeric Hymns, & Homerica, tr. H.G. Evelyn-White, “The Loeb Classical
Library,” p. 547)[19]。
卷十二〈到龍井寺〉:「竹門斜倚酒家帘,石路高低記水簾。炙背老農驚傴僂,乘肩痴女笑窺覘。數羝人立攀籬落,一蝶兒嬉掠繖簷。款約朋從歸去路,馬頭應有月纖纖。一」
〈送新薑與葺芷〉:「公羊穀梁汝往哉,反音一笑當勿劾。」自注云:「稗官有記《公羊》、《穀梁》並出一人之手,其姓則姜,蓋四字反切即姜字也。」按羅壁《識遺》卷三:「萬見春嘗謂『公羊』、『穀梁』皆『姜』字切韻腳,疑其為姜姓假託也。」自注:「按《文公語錄》已有此說。」正可與青山詩相印可。《朱子語類》卷一百二十五:「將臨川何言江默之事觀之,說道《公羊》、《穀梁》是姓姜人一手做,也有這般事。」朱竹垞《曝書亭集》卷二十四〈醉太平‧題姜開先贈歌者李郎詞〉:「詞人試數諸姜,算堯章擅場。」自注僅用青山詩而已。焦袁熹《此木軒詩》卷十三〈紉蘭閣歌贈景予匾字出姜西溟先生筆〉首句云:「公羊穀梁今堯章」,亦用此點。
《補編》二〈山房秋日即事〉:「雨後鳴湍走碧溪,水聲秋意恰相宜。窺蟬螳臂方衷甲,啄飲鷄羣競濟師。初月挂簷窗未覺,新涼入牖席先知。西風早已催征棹,管領蓴鱸入夢思。一」「稻花經雨已脫白,楓葉未霜先借緋。入紵蚊牙千計巧,挂簷蛛腹十分肥。田翁看水携鉏去,山婦臨炊抱蔓歸。唯有詩腸無一事,隔溪數盡暮鴉飛。三」[20]
〈聞蟬〉:「人行沌口三程路,蟬作陽關第四聲。待到日斜蟬歇處,無端促織替渠鳴。」
〈小憩上菴〉:「竹邊深靜納新晴,瘦策徐行足力輕。曲檻負牆塵不到,游蜂時寄採花聲。」按《後村大全集》卷一〈豫章溝〉云:「溝水冷冷草樹香,獨穿支徑入垂楊。薺花滿地無人見,惟有山蜂度短墻。」
二百九十四[21]
祖無擇《龍學文集》十六卷。編次凌雜,如卷一標曰古詩十一篇,而舍〈遊真陽石室〉一首之外皆五言長律,不特卷十一以後以「名臣賢士」之作嚴詩編杜集也。擇之筆舌冗蕪,了不足取,惟卷十四載其叔士衡《西齋話記》三十五則,稍資掌故。
卷十四《西齋話記》:「石中立,性詼諧。上官佖戲曰:『石君石君,何人奉,奈口何?』石應聲曰:『下官口何干上官佖事?』」按此事亦見《孔氏談苑》、《涑水紀聞》、《中山詩話》等書。沈西雍《銅熨斗齋隨筆》卷七引《中山詩話》謂:「『也』為女陰,見《說文》,今人讀為『必』,平聲,殆 、 形近致誤。」據石中立之謔,則宋時已作此音。俞曲園《春在堂隨筆》引《涑水紀聞》作「上官闢」,温公注曰:「借為鼻」,因斥西雍附會。竊疑西雍之說近是,温公正人,故云鄭呻之雅耳。以鼻對口,有何可笑?語助「也」字,篆書當作「乁」。《說文‧牝》釋文引徐仙民:「音扶死切,平聲,呼為毗。」韓道昭《篇韻》:「𡲮,音紕,女陰。屌,音鳥,男陰。」則此音由來已久,西雍尚未探本也。
「僧贊寧者,頗有學問,近代罕有比。著《僧史》,言今之車駕前,中使乘馬擁袍以繡帕覆之者,俗指為駕頭。贊寧乃云:『其中有人王經一部,蓋不知而妄作也。此乃大朝會時,殿中御座爾,形如杌子。』」
「古人作詩引用故實,或不原其美惡,但以一時中的而已。如李端于郭曖席上賦詩云:「新開金埒教調馬,舊賜銅山許鑄錢。」善則善矣,而鑄錢乃比鄧通爾。李商隱〈路逢王二十八翰林〉詩云:『定知欲報淮南詔,急召王褒入九重。』漢武帝以淮南王善文詞,每為報書,召司馬相如等視草。褒乃宣帝時人。王禹偁〈筍詩〉云:『稚川龍過頻回首,認得青青數代孫。』稚川即葛洪,投杖化龍乃費長房爾。」
二百九十五[22]
《全後漢文》卷一光武帝〈原丁邯詔〉:「漢中太守妻乃繫南鄭獄,誰當搔其背垢者?」按《潛邱劄記》卷六〈聞某官京師納妾之作〉:「老背誰當復與搔,垢汙生癢夜中號。也知不及閻夫子,炳燭攤書筋骨牢」即用此事。嘗睹曾文正公一手札言「背有癬,非人不能爬搔,故納一妾」云云,亦其一類也。【卷二〈賜侯將軍詔〉】
卷六安帝〈禁夜行詔〉:「鐘鳴漏盡,洛陽城中不得有行者。」按《全三國文》卷二十六田豫〈答司馬宣王書〉云:「年過八十而以居位,譬猶鐘鳴漏盡,而夜行不休,是罪人也。」
卷十三桓譚《新論‧上》:「東方朔短詞薄語,人皆謂朔大智,後賢莫之及。譚曰:鄙人有以狐為貍,以瑟為箜篌。此非徒不知狐與瑟,又不知貍與箜篌。」按《全三國文》卷五十嵇康〈難張遼宅無吉凶攝生論〉云[24]:「此猶見琴而謂之箜篌,非但不知琴也。」《全晉文》卷一百十七《抱朴子》佚文云:「董仲舒學見深而天才鈍,以蜉蜂一作蜥蜴為神龍者,非但不識神龍,亦不識蜉蜂。」《劍南詩稿》卷二十九〈讀史〉云:「南言蓴菜似羊酪,北說茘枝如石榴。自古論人多類此,簡編千載判悠悠。」可以參觀。
「世有圍棋之戲,或言是兵法之類也。下者守邊隅,趨作罫目,以自生于小地,不能防衛,而令罫中死棋皆生也。」按卷十八馬融〈圍棋賦〉云:「略觀圍棋兮,法於用兵。三尺之局兮,分為戰場。窮其中罫兮,如鼠入囊。收取死卒兮,無使相迎。當食不食兮,反受其殃。」卷二十六班固〈奕旨〉云[25]:「一棋破罫,亡地復還。」後世圍棋時名色略備矣。《全晉文》卷四十九《傅子》云:「人之涉世,譬如奕棋。苟不盡道,誰無死地,但不幸耳。」則更開少陵「聞道長安似奕棋」之意。
卷十四《新論‧中》:「鄙人有得脠,醬而美之,及飯,惡與人共食,即小唾其中。共者怒,因涕其醬,遂棄而俱不得食焉。」按墨憨齋重訂本傳奇十種之《灑雪堂》第十三折:「酒令五言四句是個『䜅趣、不䜅趣、不䜅趣、䜅趣』,有云:『餓來肉堆盤,忽向盤中唾;他每都不吃,飽了我一個!』」蓋由來久矣。
「畫水鏤冰,與時消釋。」按見前第五十二則。
「吳之翫水若魚鱉,蜀之便山若禽獸。」按《全三國文》卷二十五鍾會〈蒭蕘論〉亦有此二語,
「精神居形體,猶火之然燭云。」按晉、宋時卷二五鄭鮮之、范縝等論神滅所舉薪火、刃利之喻,已肇於此。《北齊書》卷二十四杜弼〈與邢卲論神滅〉有云:「燭則內質生光,質大光亦大。人則神不係形,形小神不小。故仲尼之智,必不短於長狄。」尤似針對君山而發矣。
卷十五《新論‧下》:「揚子雲攻于賦……成少伯工吹竽。」
「鈆則金之公。而銀者,金之昆弟也。」按此漢人專輒造字,以形聲為會意,隱開荊公《字說》者也。《宋景文筆記》卷上引:「《春秋》說以『人十四心』為『德』,《詩》說以『二在天下』為『酉』,《漢書》以『貨泉』為『白水真人』,《新論》以『金昆』為『銀』,《三國志》以『天上有口』為『吳』,《晉書》以『黃頭小人』為『恭』,《宋書》以『召力』為『劭』。」《顏氏家訓‧書證篇第七》:「《參同契》以『人負告』為『造』。」〈雜藝篇第十九〉增益之。《癸巳類稿》卷七〈緯字論〉、《癸巳存稿》卷三〈論難字〉二節搜羅更備,如「大一」為「天」、「四言」為「罰」、「百念」為「憂」、「更生」為「蘇」、「明王」為「聖」、「豐色」為「艷」、「追來」為「歸」、「士心」為「志」、「立心如一日」為「恒」、「自大」為「臭」(《夜航船》卷六擘絮樓十才子之三曰:「夜郎臭」)、「四夫民」為「農」、「言反」為「變」、「寶臣」為「賢」、「『心』字左點木,右點金,上點蹺尖爲火,下曲鈎翹起爲水」之類,此二語亦在其列,惜於漢未引《春秋繁露‧天地無二篇》之「止於一者謂之『忠』,二『忠』者謂之『患』」,於六朝未引江式〈論俗字表〉中所舉「巧言」為「辯」、「小兒」為「𩆊」,於宋未引何薳《春渚紀聞》卷五記張有論篆書「心」字爲倒「火」。宋《子華子》一書說字全本新學,厥例尤多,更交臂失之。又理初力斥宋人「中心」為「忠」之妄。按《楊龜山集》卷七〈王氏字說辨〉引荊公云「忠者中心」。「中心為忠,如心為恕」見《詩‧關雎‧序‧正義》,又「中心為忠」見桓公六年《左傳正義》。《朱子語類》卷二十七謂二語見《周禮疏》。(〈內則〉:「以飲食忠養之。」《正義》:「中心養之。」)《十駕齋養新錄》卷三謂出《周禮‧大司寇‧疏》。參觀第三百十五則。【李枝青《西雲札記》卷二:「《說文‧劦》部『協』從『心』,曰:『同心之和』;『勰』從『思』,曰:『同思之和』;『協』從『十』,曰:『衆之同和也』。案此不過古、籀異文耳!夫『衆之同和』也,有不『同心』,『心』之『同和』也,有不『同思』者乎?此說太鑿,遂爲王氏《字說》濫觴。」】【《先唐文》卷一綦母氏〈錢神論〉云:「黃金為父,白銀為母。鉛為長男,錫為少婦。」】【《夢溪筆談》卷十七謂:「『己』字從『一』從『亡』,乃通貫天、地、人,與『王』字義同。」】【晁文元《法藏碎金錄》卷二:「佛書云:寂滅者,名為一心,謂不念也。自一起念,則為二矣。予因獨斷『人二心』為『念』,似得此理。」】
卷十七馬援〈戒兄子書〉。按馮山公《解舂集文鈔》卷七有〈書後〉。
卷二十馮衍〈顯志賦〉學《莊子‧胠篋》。
卷二十五班固〈難莊論〉。按《文選‧北征賦》注謂叔皮「性好莊老」,然據〈敘傳〉:「叔皮唯聖人之道然後盡心。」「好老、嚴之術」者,班嗣也。因此〈論〉衹存二條,皆淺略,然亦足徵庭訓。晉人王坦之〈廢莊論〉、孫楚〈莊周頌〉譏莊子矯情失自然,以至晚唐李磎廣〈廢莊論〉見《全唐文》卷八百三,濫觴於此。《困學紀聞》卷十誚坦之〈廢莊論〉多用莊語,則風氣所囿,熟處難忘耳。
章實齋《乙卯劄記》:「班固〈與弟超書〉曰:『得伯章書,稿勢殊工,知識讀之,莫不嘆息。實亦藝由己立,名自人成。』此八字千古名言(按此〈書〉見《全後漢文》卷二十五)。」(《文史通義‧內篇三‧鍼名》:「實至而名歸,自然之理也,非必然之事也。」)
汪兆鏞《椶窗雜記》卷三云:「李申孝謂孟堅〈竇車騎北伐頌〉徜恍不可句讀,朱啟連為句讀之,『風』、『陰』、『淋』、『濃』、『任』為韻。」
卷二十八朱穆〈與劉伯宗絕交書〉:「足下今為二千石,我下為郎,乃反因計吏以謁相與。足下豈丞尉之徒,我豈足下部民,欲以此謁為榮寵乎?」按《全晉文》卷五十六袁喬〈與褚裒解交書〉云:「皇太后踐登正祚,臨御皇朝,將軍之於國,外姓之太上皇也。故友之好,請於此辭。平昔之交,與禮數而降;箕居之歡,隨時事而替。雖欲虛詠濠肆,脫落儀制,其能得乎?」雖措詞婉切不同,用心則一。The
Education of Henry Adams,
ch. VII & XVI: “A friend in power is a friend lost.” 陳涉故人如解此,其能保首領矣。
〈絕交論〉:「或曰:『子絕存問,不見客,亦不答也,何故?』曰:『古者進退趨業,無私遊之交,相見以公朝。』」按公叔此論指「交際」,非劉子駿〈廣論〉之言「交友」也。劉〈論〉本鍾會〈蒭蕘論〉(《全三國文》卷二十五)。韓慕廬《有懷堂文稿》卷七〈交際論〉可以補救公叔之偏(參觀第二百四十二則)。
卷二十九馬第伯〈封禪儀記〉。按參觀第百九十則。又按袁小修《珂雪齋詩集》卷七〈登岱宗〉第二首云:「前人踏皂帽,後侶戴青鞋」,亦本此〈記〉之「後人見前人履底,前人見後人頂,如畫重累人矣。」
卷三十六《風俗通》佚文:「殺君馬者,路傍兒也。」按《升庵全集》卷十五〈衍古諺〉(五古)即敷陳此語。
卷四十六崔寔〈政論〉:「諺曰:『一歲再赦,好兒喑啞。』」按《困學紀聞》卷十三云:「唐太宗之言,蓋出於此。『兒』與『人』同。」閻潛邱注云《潛夫論》引諺與此同。又如「諺曰:『州縣符,如霹靂;得詔書,但掛壁。』」按宋人所謂「黃紙放而白紙收」是也,參觀四百四十三則論范石湖〈田園雜興〉。又「理世不得真賢,猶治病當用人參,反得蘆菔根。」按卷八十三孔融〈汝潁優劣論〉:「頗有蕪菁,唐突人參」;《全三國文》卷八《典論.諸物相似亂者》:「薺苨亂人參」。桂未谷《札樸》卷五衹引劉勰《新論》:「愚與直相像,若薺苨之亂人參,蛇床之似蘼蕪。(《劉子‧心隱第二十二》)」《潛夫論‧思賢篇》:「治世不得真賢,譬猶疾不得真藥也。治疾當得真人參,反得支羅服。」當以此補之。
[2] Leigh Hunt 英譯:“... because, wherever I may be, / Whether with
rustic or heroic men, / There am I, Love; and inequality, / As it may please
me, do I equalize.”
[8] “I sighed often, and knew
not the cause of my sighing. Thus I became a lover, before I understood what
kind of thing love was.”
[9] “I
loved not yet, yet I loved to love... I sought what I might love, loving to
love.”
[14]「人世」原作「人生」。
[15]「訴衷情」原作「賦衷情」。
[18]「第三十四」原作「第三十三」。
[24]「卷五十」原作「卷五」。
[25]「卷二十六」原作「卷二十四」。
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