2018年3月8日 星期四

《容安館札記》656~660則


六百五十六[1]





            呂留良《何求老人集》言敦源校錄、《東莊詩集》風雨樓叢書。誤字過多,思之不適。合本稍善,勘正亦少,又僅至《夢覺集》之半而止耳。晚村詩風格出入黃太沖、吳孟舉間,修詞敷藻,故當視南雷為潔適,而較黃葉為粗獷。膽大為文,意新語險,時時足使二家駭汗走僵也。七言歌行如《倀倀集》之〈黃九煙以奇才吟見贈歌以答之〉、〈真進士歌〉、〈看宋石門畫輞川圖依太沖韻〉、〈題如此江山圖〉皆頹放肆詭,酷類九烟。左仁、周貽樸合輯《九烟先生遺集》卷三之〈姑山草堂歌〉、〈楚州酒人歌〉、〈六月六日登洞庭西山縹緲峯放歌〉、黃槆輯《黃九烟先生別集‧芻狗齋詩集》之〈假黃九烟歌〉、〈罵人歌〉可比勘,隱開易哭庵晚年詩體如〈數斗血歌〉、〈和樊山禳天韻自述〉之類矣。五古却有極簡歛淡摯之作,如《萬感集》之〈東莊雜詩〉之第三、四、七首、《零星集》之〈集飲丁叟水檻〉、〈詩留別州來〉、《欬氣集》之〈坐雨有感〉是也。【趙撝叔《悲菴詩賸‧舟泊石門憶事有作》第三首:「洛閩正學偽殷頑,講習堂餘水一灣。空腹高談焉取信,敬觀禹鼎識神奸(世宗憲皇帝洞燭呂留良之奸)」;〈呂留良逆惡昭著而近人以其學遵程朱輒有恕詞甚矣小人不善之可揜也續述舊聞以示來者〉:「諸生棄却作遺民,三窟中容兩截人。叵奈質疑存姓氏,不曾抹殺呂光輪(留良為諸生名光輪,李岱雲選《本朝考卷質疑集》錄一首,題為『質勝文則野』四句,上書『浙江顏學院科試石門縣學一等四名呂光輪』)」;「清獻過從求道學,梨洲絕交緣買書。取友必端非易事,南雷差幸勝三魚(留良師事梨洲,後梨洲入江南,留良往山陰買祁氏書,梨洲屬求衛湜《禮記集說》,留良得之,慝不與。梨洲大怒,遂削其籍。陸清獻從留良講學,推重甚至,《三魚堂集》中有〈與留良書〉及〈祭文〉,當抽燬。聞陸《集》已重刊,不知已刪去否)」;「妙道真工闢陸王,良知盡絕喪天良。如何言不因人廢,此論吾嗤魏邵陽(留良痛斥良知之學,以闢陸、王,而宗程、朱,故人恕之,以為理學正傳。然理學大儒,合之謀反大逆,言行不相顧,不應至斯極也。往居都下,見書攤上有鈔本留良論學書數篇,邵陽魏君源加墨其上,言留良人當誅,言不可廢。余不謂然,取歸摧燒之)。」】【《樵隱昔寱》卷十三〈國朝學案小識書後三〉謂:「邵念魯〈學校論〉詆『偽程、朱』,乃指呂留良,觀《南江文集》卷十念魯〈行狀〉可知。楊開基《陸清獻公年譜》原本中,『呂晚村』三字皆剜去。」戴名世《南山全集》卷五〈九科大題文序〉:「何以始於乙卯、丙辰也?曰:以晚村呂氏之選,終於壬子、癸丑也。(中略)近日呂氏之書,盛行於天下。其為學者分別邪正,講求指歸。由俗學之講章而推而溯之,至於程、朱之所論著;由制義而上之,至於古文之波瀾意度。雖不能一一盡與古人比合,而挽瀾廓清,實有與艾氏相為頡頏者。」徐豫貞《逃葊詩草》卷三〈題呂晚邨東莊詩鈔後〉:「故應此老扶疎筆,學得誠齋樸妙詞。」】【鈕玉樵《觚賸續編》卷一:「呂晚村中年以後屏黜風騷,精研理學,然其少時每一點筆,輒成佳句,五言一聯云:『病嫌賓客滿,貧覺子孫多。』」[2]王爾綱《天下名家詩永》卷八呂留良五首,評云:「晚村羽翼聖經,功在理學,發為吟咏,復精詣如許,所謂實至光輝,源遠流長也。超唐軼宋,已見一斑」;卷二錢謙益評亦引晚村稱李西涯詩真雅。】【蔡立甫《紅蕉詩話》卷三云:「己酉七月,憲皇帝搜宗人丞蔡嵩家,得顧小厓成天〈皇城草〉一章,疑含譏刺,將加罪,又發《金管集》得〈聖祖仁皇帝挽詞〉第四首云:『何人不解[識]君臣義,罕喻君臣一線情。深淺豈真關貴賤,小[冷]窗搖筆淚縱橫。』睿覽大慟。或曰〈輓詞〉後接〈六賢贊〉,呂留良與焉。石門父子戮尸,株連查嗣庭、汪景祺,顧恐得罪,入京時刊易他名,原本尚有存者(顧事及詩見《援鶉堂筆記》四十六,同卷記《查夏重集‧癸亥挽呂徵君詩》,即為留良作)[3]。」】【《新齊諧》卷二十四〈時文鬼〉。《閱微草堂筆記》卷十、卷十八。】【王夫之〈搔首問〉極詆留良。】【查初白《敬業堂詩集》卷四〈輓呂晚村徵君〉:「屠龍餘技到雕蟲,賣藝文成事事工。晚就人誰推入室,蚤衰君自合稱翁。才今漸少衣冠外,名果難逃出處中。身後有書休論價,也應少作愧楊雄。」】【陸以湉《冷廬雜識》卷六「齊少宗伯[召南]」條云:「宗伯之從兄周華,性怪詭,為逆犯呂留良訟寃,錮刑部獄數年。乾隆元年恩赦出,至湖北為道士。子某迹至武當山,迎之歸,年逾六十,乖僻如故。自作詩文,署地輿字,隱以配呂之天蓋樓,宗伯戒之不聽。會熊中丞至台[4],周華突出獻書,有狂悖語,劾奏,置周華極典,宗伯坐是落職。」】【成永健《毅齋詩稿》卷八〈讀晚村先生梅花詩跋後〉七絕。】【周篔《采山堂詩集》卷四〈寄呂晚村〉:「藻鑒誰能定,因時屢廢興。陽秋季野得,月旦子將能。白帢憎衰世,青雲謝友朋。唯應巖壑裏,長嘯覓孫登。」】【《錢湘靈先生詩集》(抄本)第二冊〈得雪客周大書述酒間石門呂晚村論八股頭文字推讓余第一以詩代意却寄〉、〈語水呂晚村自金陵訪余常州值歸南村有子之喪比來見所留寄所刻朱子遺集雜文及序余和陶詩悵然追記〉、〈病中有述并似中丞弟(八月吳門太史來宮聲弟為說晚村正命畢呂留良吳孟舉邪言詎妄四千金否藏之密牘謂一兌四千金言其不脛而金已盡)〉、〈六月十六日□後園能客集山張□成因追話晚村而作〉。】【《雪橋詩話餘集》卷六:「倪會宣恆宮聲弟園日記有云:『有呂友住石門,晚村因自號焉。見其所選《十二科闈墨》,彈時太甚,過於有為,非純德之士也。後其人果遭身後之禍。』」】【徐倬《蘋村類稿》卷上〈晚邨致書云張叔祥善壘石種樹屬其為余營築余謝之即以詩代書答晚邨〉七古。】【方中通《陪集》第一種《陪古》卷三〈陪翁訓子語〉:「《趙氏醫貫》得呂晚村,始不偏枯。勿謂古今人不相若也。」】【蔣薰《留素堂詩删後集》卷一〈呂用晦見寄一刺自稱釋弟耐可戲譎之〉:「無可無不可,那得有可耐?阿難會分身,作佛世情在。」】

〇《萬感集‧見釣者》:「我來行吟一問之[5],太息老漁不解詩。我向君身覓佳句,君坐詩中自不知。」按此兼用簡齋〈將至杉木鋪望野人居〉及放翁〈漁翁〉詩意(第四百五十六則、六百十六則),尚不惡。《零星集‧詩別州來》云:「檐柳爾何聞,臨風亦蕭屑。柳情豈有殊,人意換悽悅。」亦從鄭都官〈十日菊〉之「自緣今日人心別,未必秋香一夜衰」,孔朝散〈八月十六夜翫月〉之「只恐月光無好惡,自憐人意有盈虧」脫胎。若《夢覺集‧宿何商隱萬蒼山樓》云:「夢裡分明曾海外,醉中奇絕只山南」;〈喜張佩璁過留廓如樓〉云:「大擔子頭見崛強,小車兒上試倘佯」;《零星集‧訪周雪客留飲》云:「微坳宋硯輕留墨,軟皺宣爐靜吐烟」,則於東坡、康節、放翁,不啻如蟲應聲,如賊偷語東坡〈過嶺寄子由〉云:「夢裏似曾遷海外[6],醉中不覺到江南」;康節〈小車吟〉云:「大𤮕子中消白日,小車兒上看青天」;放翁〈書室明暖終日婆娑其間戲作長句〉云:「重簾不捲留香久,古硯微凹聚墨多」,豈鈔宋詩人熟處難忘耶?

〇《萬感集‧春去與子度》:「春自全身潛引去,花殊強項不同歸。」按用李泰伯〈雨中作〉云:「花淫得罪隕,鶯辯知時逃」句法。唐人如劉禹錫〈和僕射牛相公春日閑坐見懷〉之「階蟻相逢如偶語,園蜂速去恐違程」;〈晝居池上亭獨吟〉之「靜看蜂教誨閑想鶴儀形」;宋人如葛天民〈上巳呈嚴叟〉之「楊柳稍傳鶯割據,茆茨敢望燕商量」;楊誠齋〈和蕭伯和韻〉之「睡去恐遭詩作祟,愁來當遣酒行成」;明人倪鴻寶詩集中多用此法,如顧予咸選《倪文正公遺稿》卷一〈再至飛來有記〉之「召鶴僧持節,埋花蝶掛冠。松巢新竹攘,山法野雲干」;〈夾溝起陸馬上作〉之「野外山綿蕞,花間鳥滑稽」;〈飲臨清馬太學園亭〉之「籐抝掣松肘,風尖錯鳥喉。火攻螢下策,水遁月陰謀」、卷二〈九日山行便謁禹廟〉之「樹有異形石勒相,山無一縫白登圍」;〈家居即事〉之「攀花檻諫無春盡,卧月轅留到曉前」皆是也。葉紹本《白鶴山房詩鈔》卷一〈久雨短述〉云:「病花欲覓千金獺,密樹新頒五斗螺」,則妥貼矣。【陳仁錫編《沈石田先生集》七言律二〈病中夜雨起坐〉云:「楓生赧色知霜辱,蕉負爭心共雨喧」;〈與客夜話〉云:「春過寂憐花致事,雨來忙見草承恩。」】【嚴遂成《海珊詩鈔補遺》卷上截句:「野外朝儀蜂出使,沙中偶語燕新婚。」】

〇《萬感集‧子度歸自晟舍以詩見示》。按此詩述有明詩派,甚不與何、李、王、李、鍾、譚,以及當時之雲間、西陵兩派。《倀倀集‧寄晦木次旦中風雨樓本作「太沖」》第五首云:「閑抄宋律還時派」;《零星集‧次韻和俞邰飲遙連堂》第一首云[7]:「江西嫡派問東萊」;〈再過州來柳浪〉云:「信手摩卷帖,繙吟宋人詩。宋詩亦何好?頗類此景奇。脫落聲律塵,澡以氷雪姿。風雅理未息,漢唐或在兹。」而《晚村文集》卷一〈答張菊人書〉乃謂:「人遂以某為宗宋詩,嗜時文,其實皆非本意」云云,非飾詞而何?陳梓《陳一齋先生文集》卷五〈亡友遺言〉:「程載韓曰:『詩當以唐為宗,晚村偏執抝,謂宋詩絕頂,余最不服。』」可見其平時持論矣。

〇《倀倀集‧同黃九烟晦木復仲高旦中萬貞一飲西湖舟中招謝文侯畫象》。按見第六百四十七則論湯睡菴詩。

〇《倀倀集‧真進士歌》:「謹具江山再拜上,崇禎夫婦伴緘貺。」自注云云。按當時屈悔翁、賀子翼、李元仲、周同谷等詩中皆及此事,詳見第一百七十二則論《弱水集》。然具狀者乃八股文,而晚村僅罵進士,一若未登甲科,即八股亦不足為害者,則我障所致,其識見尚在傅占衡、傅青主之下。《西游補》第四回云:「一班無耳、無目、無舌、無鼻、無手、無腳、無心、無肺、無骨、無筋、無血、無氣之人,名曰『秀才』,百年只用一張紙,蓋棺卻無兩句書」云云,斯為窮極根株矣。《晚村文集》卷一〈答張菊人書〉謂:「喜論四書章句,因從時文中辨其是非離合,人以為某嗜時文,非其本意」;卷五〈古處齋集序〉謂:「三百年來,詩文無作者,病坐科舉業」,蓋學舉業者以套為事,詩、古文亦以是法為之。陳梓《陳一齋先生文集》卷五〈諸先生遺言〉載姚蟄菴云:「晚村先生是個英雄。他有偏霸手段,卻不遇時。選時文、刻先儒書,不過是借徑耳」,可相印證。然載蟄菴又曰:「晚村云:『非時文不足明道。』先師張楊園也戲曰:『我若為相,當廢八股。』晚村曰:『我當叩閽復之。』」則謂之酷嗜時文,亦不為過。一齋謂:「沈石長不許從游者胡服,必改明衣冠,然又授以舉業,與不改何異!晚村氣節是尚而選時文,病正類此」云云,甚中肯綮。一齋此《集》,知者不多,中涉晚村數事,可與秦篤輝《平書》卷五論晚村為古今第一妄人、《樵隱昔寱》卷十三〈國朝學案小識書後三〉考陸清獻與晚村交誼同資考論。《王砥齋山史二集》卷五「著述」條、「唐鑑」條所稱「□□□」疑亦指晚村。陸稼書《問學錄》、張楊園《言行聞見錄》中,皆采記晚村論學語,《清儒學案》卷五、卷十擷取之。【《柳南隨筆》卷四:「范彪西鄗鼎〈與王阮亭書〉云:『近日時文選家,竟指文成為異端,狎侮前哲,訕謗學官。先生謂其無羞惡之心,某更謂其失為下不倍之道也。』此論蓋指呂留良而言。」】【《越縵堂文集》卷六〈書沈清玉先生殘本後〉云:「〈張楊園傳〉後附記云:『清獻之婿曹宗柱述清獻與石門投分最契,不啻一人,及石門事敗,乃改修年譜,盡滅去之。』〈黃梨洲傳〉云:『石門呂留良與先生素善,延課其子,既而以事隙。相傳晚邨以金託先生買祁氏藏書,先生擇其奇秘難得者自買,而以其餘致晚邨,晚邨怒。又晚邨欲刻劉蕺山遺書,致刻資三百金,先生受金不刻,而嗾姜定庵刻之,附晚邨名於後,晚邨慍甚,輒於時文中陰詆先生為「偽學」,且遷怒陽明,而先生亦詆之為「紙尾之學」。』」】【《三魚堂日記》卷上:「柯寓匏言:『晚村曾有書來,惟恐薦舉之及。』」又云:「晚村從程、朱矣,而亦不免傲僻者,則消融未盡也」;卷下:「陳祖法言:『梨洲居鄉,甚不滿於眾口。為呂晚村買舊書於绍興,多以善本自與。晚村第七子甚慧,不減無黨』;又云:「呂無黨言:『晚村與梨洲不合,因爭高旦中之〈墓志〉。』」】

〇《倀倀集看宋石門畫輞川圖依太沖韻》「其中亭榭」一句凡四十三字,古詩中無此長句,唯《倒鴛鴦》院本第二折中俳體,則一句長至四十九字。詳見第五百九十七則。

〇《倀倀集吳孟舉示書畫用太沖韻》:「吳中骨董真弇固」;「更有香熏灰渲作。」按王士性《廣志繹》卷二「姑蘇人」條云[8]:「姑蘇人聰慧好古,亦善倣古法為之,書畫之臨摹,鼎彜之冶淬,能令真贋不辨」;《野獲編》卷二十六云:「吳門新都諸市骨董者,如幻人之化黃龍,如板橋三娘子之變驢,又如宜君縣夷民改換人肢體面目」;又云:「骨董自來多贋,而吳中尤甚,文士皆借以餬口」;孫子瀟《天真閣集》卷五〈吳趨吟之十‧贋骨董〉云:「青天明月不可假,其餘紛紛多贋者」,皆可參證。【邵子湘《青門簏稿》卷十一〈跋祝京兆贋卷〉:「吳閶俗媮薄,好為贋物,凡法書名畫金石刻佳者,往往亂真」;《青門賸稿》卷二〈吳趨吟‧之四‧贋骨董〉。】【方中發《白鹿山房詩集》卷三〈虎丘歌〉:「重陰老樹山門道,列市摩挱誇玩好。舊題漫識漢唐年,贋者苦多真者少。」《兩般秋雨盫隨筆》卷六「骨董鬼」條,又「燕臺小樂府」條自引所作〈贋骨董〉詩,則諷斥古董販之搗鬼,不限吳中矣。】

〇《倀倀集‧題如此江山圖》:「怙終無過楊維楨,戴良王逢多不仕。悲歌亦學宋遺民,蝍蛆甘帶屬嗜屎。劉基從龍亦不惡,幸脫氈裘近簪珥。胡為犁眉覆瓿詩,亡國之痛不絕齒。」按論劉、王語,同於《列朝詩集》甲前一、甲前四、《明詩綜》卷二。同,所謂誠意「志之所存,與原吉無異」也,而用意大異,錢褒而呂貶。余讀戴叔能〈九靈自贊〉,至「歌黍離麥秀之音,詠剩水殘山之句」(乾隆辛卯年刊《九靈山房集》卷十八,《列朝詩集傳》甲前四〈九靈傳〉亦稱引此數語),嘆為咄咄怪事,元主中國才八十年,政苛少恩,叔能山野之士,乃忘族類之異,厲氷蘗之操,愚暗極矣!吾鄉雲林解云:「世中華民,安能奉元詔」(尤長鏜《清賢紀》卷二),倪迂真不迂也。又按郎仁寶《七修類稿》卷四亦記此卷首「錄嘉禾周鼎跋云:『如此江山者何?有所感而言也。』不費詞而無窮之感係焉。使倒言之曰:『江山如此』,則直致之詞,無他感興矣。昔嘗有亭,而為是名,遐想作亭之人,何如其為人哉!必宋亡遺民,有為而作。越若干載,垂斯亭而觴詠者,為一笑居士廬陵張昱光弼。』于時元社既屋,膻胡之遺污我江山者,前之日如此,今之日不如此矣」云云,亭在杭州吳山天聖觀。明平顯《松雨軒集》卷三〈如此江山亭卷〉:「我亦浙人久為客,敝盡鸘裘歸不得。合當載酒續登吟,同倚闌干弄秋色。」《劍南詩稿》卷三〈劍門城北回望劍關諸峯青入雲漢感蜀亡事慨然有賦〉云[9]:「陰平窮宼非難禦,如此江山坐付人」,用《晉書》卷百二十〈李特載記〉所謂「劉禪有如此之地,而面縛於人。」【《困學紀聞》卷十三:「鄧艾取蜀,行險徼幸,閻伯才〈陰平橋〉詩云:『魚貫羸師堪坐縛,爾時可歎蜀無人』(翁注:『老泉《權書心術篇》已言此意』)。」】張光弼詩,錄入《明詩別裁》卷一。

〇《倀倀集‧寄黃九烟》:「聞道新修諧俗書,文章買賣價何如?」自注:「時在杭州,為坊人著稗官書。」按張山來《尺牘偶存》卷一〈與黃九烟〉云:「偶閱《一夕話》,見所謂『廋詞』者,其列名處云:『中央四圍滿天列,十處烽烟一處安。』參詳其意,似是先生姓名」;又云:「向欲選《外史》一書,如〈毛穎傳〉之類。想此種文字,大作必多」,可參觀。

〇《倀倀集東坡洗兒詩牧齋作轉語和韻皆機言也因作正解和之》。按楊月湖、張船山皆有和作。余〈和徐南屏東坡生日招集珏巢為乃郎湯餅會詩〉有云[10]:「坡昔浴兒篇,大巧乃甘拙。錢呂各翻案,楊張語尤達。」

〇《倀倀集‧送太沖東歸》第二首:「肯抱人間不哭孩」;〈耦耕詩〉第七首:「甜桃肯颺山梨醋,菱角難磨芡實圓」;《零星集‧又自和種菜詩》:「颺却甜瓜下苦瓜。」按「菱角」句本放翁〈書齋壁〉詩,此外皆出於程、朱《語錄》,見第三十四則論關漢卿《魯齋郎》、第三百三十則論洪景伯〈試夏守真筆〉。

〇《夢覺集‧管襄指示近作有夢伯夷求太公書薦子仕周詩戲和之》。按詩中「明夷有綱宗,密室別傳受」等句,顯為譏訶黃太沖而作。《鮚埼亭集》卷十一〈梨洲先生神道碑文〉云[11]:「徐公延公子百家參史局,公以書答,戲之曰:『昔聞首陽二老,托孤于尚父,遂得三年食薇,顏色不壞。今吾遣子從公,可從置我矣!』」[12]則太沖實有其事,非出毀誣,且衹託諸夢幻(「此夢真太奇,古無今豈有」),亦為忠厚矣。

〇《夢覺集‧遊慈相寺》。按見第二百十五則。

〇《零星集‧讀薇占桐江隨筆再次原韻奉答》。按見第六百十一則論誠齋〈江天暮景有歎〉詩、第六百三十三則論牧齋〈寄懷金道隱〉詩。



六百五十七[13]




            《復堂日記》卷八記以〈送春詩〉課士得賀汝珩一卷云:「我與鶯花同作達,人如木石可長生。」【參觀七百三則論 R.A. Schröder (L. Forster, Penguin Book of German Verse, p. 417);又七一七則論姜白石〈長亭怨慢〉。】按戴敦元《戴簡恪公遺集》卷四〈餞春〉第三首頸聯云:「春與鶯花都作達,人如木石定長生。」復堂為此生所賺矣!簡恪立朝,甚著風骨,而篇什靡音俗藻,殊不稱為人。僅此二句,及卷三〈秋試後慰友人用舊韻〉第二首頸聯「曾憐枯樹無生意,錯道春風不世情」,又卷四〈題春閨曲後次舊韻〉第三首「一簾風雨瘗花辰,纔盼春來又送春。轉為雲英減惆悵,縱饒嫁也不如人」差有致耳。【凌霞《天隱堂文錄》卷下〈戴金溪先生遺事〉謂「其面白多痘痕,目銳入鬢,嚴九能戲之曰:『吾子面有殺氣,後恐斷頭。』殊不知後為刑部之徵也。」】

卷五〈落花〉詩云:「便賸芳菲都似客,不須搖落已成秋。」下句佳,上句「客」字湊。

〈畫豬〉云:「成家何如養春豕,惜墨不嫌多肉似。烝涉心忘獻白頭,負塗名誤儕烏鬼。董龍鷄狗亦可憐,幾見鳴吠登雲天?性卑甘伴拖腸鼠,終始陬維配元武。」詩不工而題甚罕見。吾家梅溪《履園叢話》卷二十一謂時文不列品,如豬之不入畫。【「時文」語可參觀史悟岡《華陽散稿》卷下〈蓼圃周太史八股序〉。】惜未覩郭若虛《圖畫見聞志》卷五:「唐明皇召吳道子、韋無忝、陳閎同製〈金橋圖〉,狗、馬、牛、羊、豬、𧰹之屬,韋無忝主之」云云,[14]此詩也。【嚴元照《柯家山館遺詩》卷四〈題畫豬‧并引〉云:「為歙縣程秀才洪溥作也,秀才生於亥,故畫以求題」云云,簡恪所題,當亦此圖。元照集中為戴刑部金谿作詩詞甚夥。】參觀第四百三十三則論仇山村《金淵集》卷二〈草蟲圖〉所引 Journal des Goncourt, Éd. définitive, T. VII, p. 5; J. Volkelt, System der Ästhetik, Bd. I, S. 445。又參觀 Hegel, Ästhetik, IIter Teil, II Absch., 1ter Kap. “Die Degradation des Tierischen” (Aufbau-Verlag, 1955, S. 433 ff.)。【王詠霓子裳《函雅堂集》卷九〈題畫豕為王旭莊舍人仁東〉(五律)。】【焦袁熹《此木軒文集》卷一〈繆虞臯贈予新製樂一卷題詞〉:「夫畜類之中,體碩以肥,有若豬者,智識情想,繄其獨無也。欲從而抒寫之,代為之詠歌,肖似其音氣,則有必不可能者矣。雖以冠代才人,亦必技窮而止矣。」】【張潮《幽夢影》卷上:「龔半千曰:『物之不可入畫者,豬也,阿堵物也。』」】



六百五十八[15]



            “The realism I allude to may crop out even in spite of the author’s opinions... Balzac was politically a Legitimist,” etc. etc. So wrote Engels to Margaret Harkness in April 1888 (Marx-Engels, Über Kunst und Literatur, Berlin, 1952, pp. 122-3).Cf. Marx’s saying “sie wissen es nicht, aber sie tun es” prefixed as a motto by G. Lukács to his Ästhetik; cf. his The Historical Novel, tr. H. & S. Mitchell, p. 31: “Scott ranks among these great writers whose depth is manifest mainly in their work, a depth which they often do not understand themselves, because it has sprung... out from a truly realistic mastery of the material in conflict with their personal views & prejudices.” Marx to Maxim Kovalevsky: “A writer must distinguish between what an author in fact says & what he thinks he is saying” (S.S. Prawer, Karl Marx & World Literature, p. 374).】【Freud’s distinction between “l’effetto tragico” or “senso” or “contenuto segreto della leggenda” & “la morale” or “ideologia” of a tragedy has been compared to Engels’s distinction à propos of Balzac’s realism (Francesco Orlando: “Letteratura et psicoanalisi” in Letteratura italiana[16], Einaudi, vol. IV, 1985, p. 569).In short, Engels had an inkling of what modern critics call “intentional fallacy”, and confirmed what Hugo had proclaimed as early as 1852 at Balzac’s funeral that the novelist “à  son insu, qu’l le veuille ou non”, was “de la forte race des écrivains révolutionnaires” (Oeuvres choisies, éd. Hatier, I, p. 1034). The whole passage has become one of the “squashed quotatoes” (see James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake, New York, 1937, I, p. 183) in the ponderous jargon-riddled writings of trade-Marxist critics; they find it a very present help when they want to “annexer tous ceux a qui ils ne peuvent dénier toute valeur”, to borrow Gide’s apt description of the tactic of Catholics in dealing with...[17] (see Journal, 13 Mars & 2 Novembre, 1930, Éd. “Bibliothèque de la Pléiade”, pp. 972-3, 1014). Recently, F.W.J. Hemmings has salvaged an early article of Zola’s published in Le Rappel, 13 May 1870, in which Zola echoed Hugo & anticipated Engels by calling Balzac “ce démocrate sans le savoir [qui] a réclamé la liberté du peuple en croyant demander des cordes pour le garrotter” (PMLA, June 1956, p. 353).Baudelaire in 1864 spoke of “une est-ce de critique” paradox to “traître le monarchie Balzac nommé de subversion”[18] (Oeuv. comp., Pléiade, p. 1173).】【B. Croce, La Poesia, 5a ed., p. 117: “Verso quello stesso che dicono di se i creatore della opere... guardinghi perché non di rado s’ingannano e ingannano coi fini che si propongono a cui credono ma che, contradicono col fatto, al quale soltanto bisogna tener fiso l’occhio della mente, perché la poesia ha per unico fine se medesima”; pp. 306-7: “... le intenzioni e i fini dei poeti rimangono de necessità affatto estranei alla poesia, e... non importa quel che il poeta si propone o vuol fare o crede di fare, ma unicamente quel che esso fa, ancorché inconsapevole e in contrasto col fine professato: questo è force il più gran merito De Sanctis nella metodologia della critica letteraria... ‘Le immagini ch’egli [Tolstoi] ha create hanno loro propria vita, independentemente dalle intenzione dell’autore’ (P. Kropotkin, Ideali e realtà nella lett. russa, trad. ital., p. 120)...”】【De Sanctis, a propos of Manzoni: “Spettacolo interessante e molto istruttivo è la lotta fra l’ispirazione e la teoria, fra la spontaneità artistica e la riflessione critica... Così è avvenuto a Manzoni, cosi a Dante e cosi a Tasso. La loro genialità li salvò dalle loro teorie” (Gli scrittori d’Italia, a cura di L. Russo, II, p. 27).That there is often some discrepancy between the actual meaning of the work itself & the intended meaning of the author is a well-known fact in literary history. In his notes to Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, Blake, for example, writes...[19]: “I do not know who wrote these Prefaces: they are very mischievous, & direct contrary to W’s own practice” (A. Gilchrist, Life of William Blake, “Everyman’s Library”, p. 339). See De Sanctis’s eloquent conclusion to his essay Schopenhauer e Leopardi (1858): “Perchè Leopardi produce l’effetto contrario a quello che si propone. Non crede al progresso, e te lo fa desiderare; non crede alla libertà, e te la fa amare. Chiama illusioni l’amore, la gloria, la virtú, e te ne accende in petto un desiderio inesausto... È scettico, e ti fa credente; e mentre non crede possibile un avvenire men tristo per la patria comune, ti desta in seno un vivo amore per quella e t’infiamma a nobili fatti” (Saggi critici, ed. L. Russo, II, p. 159; cf. also p. 183 on Ariosto’s “intenzione” in Orlando Furioso). This idea appeared first in Alessandro Poerio’s poem “A Giacomo Leopardi” written in 1834[20]: “Ed il tuo disperar così si adorna / e trasfigura di beata luce / che al ver, cui chiami errore, altrui conduce” (Poeti minori dell’Ottocento, a cura di L. Baldacci, I, p. 323). And De Sanctis was fond of saying: “si fa a distinguere il mondo intenzione e il mondo effetto” (L. Russo, ed., Gli scrittori d’Italia, I, p. 103). D.H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature, New York, 1923, p. 3: “The artist usually sets out — or used to — to point a moral & adorn a tale. The tale, however, points the other way, as a rule. Two blankly opposing morals, the artist’s & the tale’s. Never trust the artist. Trust the tale. The proper functions of a critic is to save the tale from the artist who created it”; “The Novel”; “Oh, give me the novel! Let me hear what the novel says. / As for the novelist, he is usually a dribbling liar” (Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine & Other Essays, Philadelphia, 1925, p. 123).Nietzsche: “Die Autor hat den Mund zu halten, wenn sein Werk den Mund auftut” (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Bd. II, Abt. i,, §140, Werke, K. Schlechta, I. S. 790).】【Oscar Wilde: “The Critic as Artist”: “When the work is finished it has, as it were, an independent life of its own, & may deliver a message far other than that which was put into its lips to say”[21] (Frank Kermode, Romantic Image, p. 46: “This is a perfectly logical anti-intentionalist position”).】【An excellent example is Don Quixote whose intension is to ridicule chivalry & whose effect the creation of an “amiable humorist” (cf. S.M. Tave, The Amiable Humorist, pp. 152 ff.).】【Other examples are Milton’s exaltation of the Devil in Paradise Lost “without knowing it” (see H.J.C. Grierson, Cross-currents in Eng. Lit. of the 17th Cent., pp. 256-7); Alfieri’s sympathy with tyrants in his tragedies (see Croce, Europ. Lit. in the 19th Cent., p. 7-8).Cf. Wolfgang Kayser, Das sprachliche Kunstwerk, 4te Auf. Bern, 1956, S. 217 ff. on the “Idee” of a work in two senses: “die Sinneinheit der dichterischen Welt” vs. “eine verstandesmässig erfassbare, moralische These” (S. 221), citing as example Eurico, Madame Bovary, Der Grüne Heinrich, etc. René Wellek & Austin Warren, Theory of Literature, “Peregrine Books”, p. 42: “The meaning of a work of art is not exhausted by or equivalent to its intension” etc. (also pp. 148-9).M. Kinkead-Weekes: “Clarissa Restored?” (RES, May 1959, pp. 156 ff.) shows how, annoyed & alarmed by “a distortion of the...”...[22] to drive its message home in terms the crudest reader could understand. Cf. Paul Léautaud, Journal Littéraire, II, P. 313: “[Dans la novella pièce un Divorce] Bourget mettait en opposition le mariage indissoluble et l’unison libre, toutes ses sympathies allant au premier. Le public, lui, applaudissait la seconde. Dans L’Émigré, il met en scène ce cas de l’officier catholique... et celui de l’officier qui ne connaît que la discipline.... Celui qu’il approuve, c’est le premier, bien entendu. Le public, lui, applaudit la second.... Ca devient comique, ce grand écrivain conservateur et moralisant qui ne réussit qu’à faire applaudir les thèses contraires à celles qu’il veut soutenir.”】【Goethe: “Bilde, Künstler! Rede nicht!” (G. Büchmann, Geflügelte Worte, S. 140).】【Claude-Edmonde Magny, Les Sandales d’Empédocle, p. 30: “Il y a deux parts dans un livre, comme dans toute oeuvre d’art: d’abord le message conscient de l’auteur, ce qu’il a en expressément l’intention d’y mettre...; ensuite la vérité qu’il y révèle comme à sou insu...”】【Byron, Don Juan, IV. 5: “Some have accused me of a strange design / Against the creed & morals of the land, / And trace it in this poem every line: / I don’t pretend that I quite understand / My own meaning when I would be very fine” (Variorum ed. by T.G. Steffan & W.W. Pratt[23], II, p. 365; cf. Notes in IV, p. 106).】【Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism, p. 5: “When Ibsen maintains that Emperor & Galilean is his greatest play & that certain episodes in Peer Gynt are not allegorical, one can only say that Ibsen is an indifferent critic of Ibsen.” Cf. Henri Peyre, Le Classicisme français, pp. 106 ff. on the mistake of Brunetière & Bray et cie who have relied too much on the “les préfaces et les déclarations theoriques des écrivains... qui protestent de la pureté de leurs intentions morales et de l’utilité didactique de leurs [oeuvres]... La préface de Phèdre de Racine affirme si gravement ses intentions pieusement jansénistes est sur tant ‘un chef-d’oeuvre diplomatique’ (J. Cousin)” etc.; cf. Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism, vol. IV, pp. 249-50 on Dobrolyubov’s adumbration of the “intentional fallacy”, the discrepancy or even contradiction between an author’s actual world-view as revealed in his work & his conscious intentions & explicit theories (illustrated by the case of Gogol).】【Wellek: “La teoria letteraria e la critica di Benedetto Croce”: “[A propos of Luigi Russo’s view that Verga’s novels are ‘un grido di protesta, un grido di libertà della miseria par tanta povera gente oppressa’] Verga può non essere profeta di un nuove ordine sociale (Russa sa che Verga era una conservatore... e non un rivoluzionario) ma segnala la necessità fatale del cambiamento. Traspare la concozione marxista di un significato ‘oggettivo’” (Letteratura italiana, ed. Alberto Asor Rosa, vol. IV, p. 394).】【參觀七五○則。】



六百五十九[24]



            康海《康對山先生全集》十五卷,康熙時馬逸姿校刻本。德涵此《集》,其子梣編定,以體分類,而一體之中,先後顛倒,殊不便於知人論世,亦無從訂正次序。德涵詩、文皆氣懈詞率,匪特不得追踵李、何,并未足比肩邊、徐,僅與王敬夫伯仲。早作抗志希古者,每似「鸚哥嬌」體,時落凡俗,不能舉體雅則。晚年益頹然不衿飾,俚蕪無復致,格亦與《渼陂集》同概。《渼陂續集》卷中〈康公神道碑〉謂其「早年喜《嘉祐集》,在館閣時倡文必秦、漢」云。今《集》中文之刻意復古者,尚有虎賁中郎之觀;其太模擬秦、漢者,於八家絕無影響。詩更村言黔調,雅道掃地。卷七〈贈李獻吉往寧夏餉軍〉第二首云:「君詩清且新,予詩蕪而雜。」王麟洲〈序〉(《王奉常集‧文部》卷六〈康對山集序〉)謂文多「曼衍無當」,於情實「不無蕪譌」,「五、七言古、律間,多率意之作。又慕少陵直攄胸臆,或用時人名號、爵里,或韻至便押,不必麗於雅故」云云。文章得失,蓋寸心自知,而亦後世相知者矣。余取卷九〈聞故人楊用之有書付鄉縣親友責望賤子因成小詩自見〉(「故人念我長孤曠,遠將携我雲霄上」至「丈夫磊落苟如爾,粉胸繡臆安能誑」)、〈扶風西原逢張丞邦彥馮秀才顯庸携酒相進因與痛飲樹下〉(「主人愛客知客意,遠出郊原待其至」至「英雄馬竇今安在,唯有秋風吹客衣」)兩七古,雖乏警語,而抒寫疎落,得少陵皮毛;卷十五〈憶昔〉(「憶昔承明侍從朝,先皇端拱似神堯。萬家簫鼓傳雙闕,三殿風雲護九韶。劍佩緩歸青瑣夕,蠻夷通欵越裳遙。可憐湖上龍飛後人事官曹漸寂寥」)一七律七子體,《然燈紀聞》所謂「空殼子」、「大帽子」者,然飽滿有頓挫。卷二十一〈與彭濟物書〉(「瑾之用事也,蓋嘗數以崇秩誘我矣。當是時,持數千金壽瑾者,不能得一級,而彼自區區於我,我固能談笑而却之」)按江文通〈報袁叔明書〉略師子長之〈報任安〉,〈與交友論隱書〉頗仿叔夜之〈絕山濤〉,德涵是作,亦欲兼此二者,《集》中第一首文字,遠勝王敬夫《渼陂集》卷七〈與劉德夫〉之學〈報任安書〉而氣詞沓,然較之文通,終成傖夫,遑論司馬與嵇哉!(《列朝詩集傳》丙十六〈王廷陳傳〉云:「文尤長於尺牘,皇甫百泉稱其〈與顧中丞監察書〉若嵇康之〈絕山宰〉,〈寄余懋昭、舒國裳〉二劄即楊惲之〈報會宗〉。」)【楊惲〈報孫會宗書〉、魏長賢〈復親故書〉(《全北齊文》卷四)(《北史》卷五十六)皆學子長。】【李開先《中麓閒居集》卷十〈對山康修撰傳〉云:「自李西涯為相,詩文取絮爛者,人材取軟滑者。……對山崛起而橫制之,天下始知有秦、漢之古作。……其於書也,覽而不誦,……蓋悉其意而遺其辭。嘗曰:『經籍,古人之魄也,有魂焉;吾得其魂而已矣。』……又嘗謂:『古人言以見志,其性情狀貌,求而可得。此孔子所以於師襄而得文王也。要之自成一家,若傍人籬落,拾人咳唾,效顰學步,性情狀貌灑然者無矣,無乃類諸譯人乎?君子不作鳳鳴,而學言如鸚鵡,何其陋也』」云云,倘亦因傴為恭之論。「學言鸚鵡」云云,可與《青藤書屋文集》卷二十〈葉子肅詩序〉所謂「今之為詩者,不免於鳥之為人言」云云參觀。王敬夫《渼陂續集》卷下〈刻太微後集序〉謂今世名士之文學先秦兩漢,詩學漢魏盛唐者,「學力或歉,模放太甚」,「掇其句,泥其故」云云,亦與德涵語相發。蓋二人退居田里後,過從最密,議論亦相同也。《孫月峯先生全集》卷九〈與呂甥玉繩論詩文書‧之二十九〉:「〈太華〉果歷下集中第一,然而非孟堅語。〈康長公〉、〈于肅愍碑〉、〈管韓二子序〉似未肯以彼易此也。」】【《四友齋叢說》卷十五謂:「康滸西得罪,雖出罣誤,亦由其持身不嚴,心跡終是難明」;又云:「對山小時即任誕不羈,所娶尚夫人甚賢。對山每日游處狹斜,與夫人大不洽,即遣之歸。而夫人每日三餐,遣婢進其舅姑,對山悔悟,復為夫婦如初」;卷十八記:「陸儼山至關中,詣對山,共談舊事,即取琵琶鼓二、三曲,欷歔久之」;又記「對山常與一妓女同跨一蹇驢,令從人賫琵琶自隨,游行道中,傲然不屑」;卷二十三論對山文「學《史記》之紆徐委曲,不知峻快斬絕」,故「謂〈范增論〉後數句忙殺東坡」;又云:「對山之文,天下慕向。刻集一出,殊不愜人意。王槐野云:『對山之文有甚奇者,編次之人將好者盡皆刪去。』」】【李中麓〈四時悼內小序〉云:「對山嘗簡予云:『內亡而出入不便,尋芳訪友之樂,不得自遂。』」】

            〇卷十五〈留別太微〉云:「嵇康徒作形神論,魏野終非翰墨臣」;〈望希夷峽〉云:「夫子若無驢背笑,陳橋誰識大風歌」;卷十六〈送王世英〉云:「德化應如程伯子,恢宏真似許清臣」,皆使宋人事入詩。七子復古,大言勿讀唐以後書,而何、李已不能自固其藩,篇什中時時闌入唐、宋人事,況其他乎?漁洋《詩問》卷下答劉大勤問律詩忌用唐以後事,云:「自何、李、李、王以來,不肯用唐以後事,似不必拘泥」云云;《傳燈紀聞》云:「取材於《選》,取法於唐,未盡善」云云,蓋未深考。《少室山房筆叢》卷三十六云:「何仲默每戒人用唐、宋事,而有『舊井潮深柳毅祠』,用唐小說,亦大鹵莽」【詳見第七百六則】;陳臥子、李舒章、宋轅文稟七子遺教,撰《皇明詩選》,於此事遂煞費張致。如卷九吳國倫〈登赤壁有感〉:「風流蘇學士,所至癖登臨」,轅文評曰:「實事不嫌宋人」(《四溟山人全集》卷十二〈朱仙鎮弔岳武穆〉七律殆亦此類耶?);卷十李夢陽〈秋懷〉:「幾時重起郭將軍」,轅文評曰:「郭將軍豈謂忠武耶」;〈秋望〉:「只今誰是郭汾陽」,轅文評曰:「此詩《空同集》不錄,或以為結用唐人故耳。然如汾陽公亦自不妨」(按《中麓閒居集》卷十〈李崆峒傳〉載此詩,首句作「漢邊牆」,可塞吳修齡之口);何景明〈得獻吉江西書〉:「買田陽羨定何如」,臥子評曰:「雖用後事,然不甚覺」;何景明〈登樓觀閣〉:「種桃無複問玄都」,轅文評曰:「用唐事,殊有頹放之態」;卷十一唐順之〈上張相公〉:「酋長西羌識姓名」,臥子評曰:「似後事,然亦無傷」[25],足見其詩律不嚴,隨意出入矣。以余所覩七子中,以《邊華泉集》中此類最夥,如卷三〈■題為墨釘〉云:「后山元苦節,同甫舊多才」;〈解印後病中書懷〉云:「已破槐南夢,何湏澤畔吟」;卷四〈雪菴〉云:「偶然同卲子,不是學袁安。數在梅花得,春從太極看」;卷五〈再次燕泉〉云:「暮雨懶通巫峽夢,朝雲嫌入義山詞。翻慙綵筆留真賞,未有豪門紫玉巵按韓熙載事」;卷六〈和翁家訓四章〉云:「蘭臺望重桓公雅,藝苑名過趙子昻」;〈送羅尹赴博羅司成〉云:「看雲細和東坡句,捧日常懸北闕心」;〈送灤江王大理北上〉云:「范老威名留紫塞,于公陰徳在金陵」;〈送杭世恩水部〉云:「携鶴未須誇趙抃,載書聊復似張華」;〈文侍御宗嚴出按中州〉云:「西臺御史桓公雅,南國詩人陸務觀」;〈再至居庸〉云:「鎖鑰還須寇丞相,長城不用李將軍」;〈中元登先墓〉云:「柳子敢忘丘墓想,王生真廢蓼莪篇」;〈坐中〉云:「子卿心事羝須乳,太史文章鱷竟移」;〈和泛池〉云:「白雪可須推郢調,黃州真屢夢坡仙。」其次則王敬夫《渼陂先生集》卷三〈張方伯畫圖歌〉云:「世上紛紛游蕩子,飽食不覽霍光史。漫道臯夔不讀書,用心只學羲之字。更有山東老學究,一部論語分前後。藏心未有五車餘,赤手何由補天漏」;卷五〈秋聲〉云:「寫神舊有歐陽賦,愧我無能向短篇」;〈西歸留別吳守〉云:「敢言獨樂歸司馬,且著斑衣戲老萊」;《續集》卷上〈閱張太微鑷白詩有感遂為長歌〉云:「又不見六一公游神筆硯忘雷霆,年未半百蒼顏鶴髮稱醉翁」;〈五君子詠〉(魏仲先、陳圖南);〈燕山行〉云:「囊琴常依趙抃鶴,路人爭避桓典驄」;「謝安仍為蒼生起,寇準方資鎖鑰功」;〈次韻與湘崖子〉云:「圖中河洛聞新說,袖裏參同諳古文」;〈畫六首為湘涯子賦〉云:「老眼摩挲認畫圖,不知赤壁定西湖。千秋感慨應憐我,兩地風流總是蘇」;〈赤壁圖〉云:「坡老躭秋興,蘭槳破夜濤」;〈雪夜〉云:「青綾曾內直,白戰向誰論」;〈送郡守夏道亨辭官歸〉云:「羞看傀儡棚頭戲,漫卷羲皇架上書」,可謂連篇累牘者,即如迪功〈贈別獻吉〉、〈寄獻吉〉兩首中,亦尚有「何如李白在潯陽」,「一掬那傳少陵淚」(周文萃編《徐昌穀全集》卷九、卷十)等句也。又按范德機《木天禁語》云:「《事文類聚》事不可用,多宋事也。摘用《史記》、《西漢書》、《東漢書》、《新、舊唐書》、《晉書》字樣,集成聯對」云云,已以宋為界,七子特加嚴謹,上推之於唐耳。【范德機《木天禁語》云:「《事文類聚》事不可用,多宋事也。」謝茂秦引此語而評之曰:「復引蘇、黃之詩以為式教,以養生之訣繼以致病之物,可乎?」(《四溟山人全集》卷二十一《詩家直說》[26],參觀卷二十二駁許彥周教人熟讀義山、山谷以救淺易鄙陋云:「譬諸醫家用藥,稍不精潔,疾復存焉,彥周之謂也。」)又云:「趙子昂曰:『作詩但用隋、唐以下故事,便不古也;當以隋唐以上為主。』此論執矣。隋唐以上泛用則可,隋唐以下泛用則不可,學者自當斟酌」(卷二十二)。】

            〇卷十六〈讀中山狼傳〉:「平生愛物未籌量,那計當年救此狼。笑我救狼狼噬我,物情人意各無妨。」按三、四句即王敬夫《中山狼》院本狼答東郭生所謂「我本是個禽獸,怎麼責我忘恩負義」之意。〈中山狼傳〉見《東田集》卷五,觀卷七〈狻猊圖〉詩云:「平生不識負嵎虎,末路乃遭當道狼。仰天長嘯重展玩,安得借我懸中堂。」又卷十〈有感〉云:「性資愚拙,賦命迍邅。平日交游,中道改路。甚之有擠之井而下石者。因賦短章,用柬同志。」蓋馬氏之作,所以自寓感慨也。當時似甚傳誦,王敬夫有《中山狼》院本,《國色天香》卷九錄此〈傳〉入上欄,李元玉新編《一捧雪》第五折嚴世蕃家演劇即譜馬氏文[27]。《四友齋叢說》卷十五謂「空同賴康滸西營救,得免於死。後滸西得罪,空同議論稍嚴刻,馬中錫作〈中山狼傳〉以詆之」,則似此〈傳〉為空同發矣,頗出附會。至德涵為空同作詩不少,玩其語氣,皆在身遭貶棄以前,極口推重(如卷十〈懷李獻吉〉:「李生當代傑,文賦似班揚。有志摧奸宄,無能立廟廊」云云;卷十一〈贈李獻吉往寧夏餉軍〉第一首云:「李杜有遺音,惟君可方駕」),於大復泊如也。迨廢居田里,大復以提學至閩中,交誼遂篤。大復既歿,嘉靖三年德涵作〈何仲默集序〉(卷二十七),隻字不及空同,有曰:「弘治時,上興化重文。一時能文之士,凡予所交與者,不可勝計。予顧獨以仲默為難能,毎見仲默之作,歎曰:『嗟乎!文其在兹乎!』其所論著,可以上薄屈、宋、賈、董,有相如、子長之風,顧世無知之者」云云,蓋毫不為空同地,渾忘嘗以班、揚、李、杜推之,想見康、李之隙末矣!惟卷二十七〈渼陂先生集序〉嘉靖十一年作、卷二十二〈太微山人張孟獨詩集序〉追記弘治時文章復盛,歷舉六子之名,乃復列空同於作者耳。



六百六十[28]




Platero and I, 173 頁插圖



           Juan Ramón Jiménez, Platero & I, Eng. tr. by Eloïse Roach. Poèmes en prose, I suppose; à la Baudelaire, of course. All the marks of the Beast are there. Watery-syrupy concoctions of sensibility, sentimentality & sophisticated simplicity. The elegiac pieces (Nos. 133, 135, 136, 138) on the dead ass’s soul in Heaven are at the very heart of the tradition inaugurated by Laurence Sterne’s gushing over, or, in the words of Irving Babbitt, “lavishing a disproportionate emotion upon” a donkey (Rousseau & Romanticism, pp. 144-6; see Also sprach Zarathustra, IVter Teil, “Die Erweckung” & “Das Eselsfest”, Alfred Kröner Verlag, S. 452 ff.). Nietzsche who proudly declares: “Ich bin der Antiesel par excellence” (Ecce homo, Werke, “Taschen-Ausgabe”, Alfred Kröner, Bd. XI, S. 313), speaks somewhere of the “onolatry” of 19th-century leaders. One has only to compare the ironical rhetoric of Agrippa of Nettesheim’s Encomium asini & the philosophical humour of Giordano Bruno’s Cabala del cavallo pegaseo with the emotional rant of Coleridge’s “To a Young Ass” or Victor Hugo’s “Le crapaud” (La Légende des siècles, 53) & L’Âne, an interminable dialogue between the ass & Kant, to see Nietzsche’s point. Jiménez’s word “assography” (p. 92) might very well be adopted to cover all writings of this kind.

            Literary reminiscences here & there, e.g. p. 21: “The swallows are back... chattering tirelessly in their fluty chirping. They would tell the flowers all they had seen in Africa, about their two trips across the sea, how they sometimes lay on the water with one wing as the sail, or on the masts of the ships; they would talk of other sunsets, other dawns, other starry night...” a passage which loudly rings a bell. See Gautier’s poem, “Ce que disent les hirondelles” (Émaux et Camées, éd. Charpentier, pp. 159 ff.) which might have owed a hint to Tasso’s beautiful sonnet “Tu parti, o rondinella, e poi ritorni” (Rime, Parte III, no. iii, Poesie, a cura di F. Flora, ed. Riccardo Ricciardi, p. 762), and from which Oscar Wilde had already helped himself in “The Happy Prince.” Jiménez seems to be quite well-acquainted with French poetry, e.g. No. 48 on Ronsard (pp. 79-80).

            I like best No. 60 “The Stamp” (pp. 99-100) & No. 101 “Echo” (pp. 156-7) — rather small pickings from such a large bundle on poor Platero’s back. The book is profusely illustrated with drawings by Jo Alys Downs; in some of them, Jiménez presents a profile curiously like that of the egregious Mr. Pooter in The Diary of a Nobody, e.g. pp. 23, 110, 124, 173, 202.



[1]《手稿集》1337-42 頁。
[2]《手稿集》1342 頁下腳重引此節。
[3]「一章」原作「十一章」。
[4]「會」原作「愈」。
[5]「行吟」原作「吟詩」。
[6]「似曾」原作「分明」。
[7]「遙連堂」原作「遙遠堂」。
[8]「王士性……條」數字重見於《手稿集》1341 頁眉。
[9]「劍關」原作「劍閣」。
[10] 徐南屏 (1915-56),名益藩,又字一帆,浙江崇德人。「珏巢」 為其一九四一年寓居上海婚後齋號。此詩當作於一九四二年徐氏長子出生後,《槐聚詩存》未收。又夏承燾《天風閣學詞日記》一九五一年九月卅日曾記:「聞徐南屏已入瘋人院,其夫人在上海清心女學教書,數孩皆寄養南京房東家,滿頭瘡疥,情甚可愍。」
[11] 原文脫落「集」字。
[12]「二老」原作「二公」,「從公」原作「從我」。
[13]《手稿集》1343-4 頁。卷首題「容安館札記」,鈐「錢鍾書印」白文印、「默存」、「槐聚」朱文印。
[14] 此處殆脫一「及」字。
[15]《手稿集》1344-8 頁。
[16]psicoanalisi」原作「psicanalisi」。
[17] 此處字跡漫漶不辨。
[18] 此處字跡漫漶脫落,引文不確。
[19] 此處字跡漫漶不辨。
[20]Alessandro」原作「Alssandro」。
[21] 此節引文兩見於《手稿集》1345 頁書眉、頁邊。
[22] 此處字跡漫漶不辨。
[23]T.G. Steffan」原作「G.T. Steffan」。
[24]《手稿集》1345-53 頁。
[25]「傷」原作「妨」。
[26]「詩家直說」原作「詩家直指」。
[27]「李元玉」原作「李玉元」。
[28]《手稿集》1353-4 頁。

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